Title Exposure assessment and safety considerations for working with engineered nanoparticles / Michael J. Ellenbecker, Sc. D., CIH, professor of occupational and environmental hygiene, director, Massachusetts Toxics use Reduction Institute, Department of Work Environment, College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Su-Jung (Candace) Tsai, Sc. D., assistant professor of occupational health and industrial hygiene, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University

Published Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2015]

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Description 1 online resource Contents Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 WHY A BOOK ON NANOTECHNOLOGY HEALTH AND SAFETY? -- 1.2 SOME SCENARIOS -- 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE MATERIAL -- 1.4 OUR APPROACH TO NANOPARTICLE HEALTH AND SAFETY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 What is a Nanoparticle? -- 2.1 NANOTECHNOLOGY, NANOMATERIALS, AND NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1.1 Nanotechnology -- 2.1.2 Nanomaterial -- 2.1.3 Nanoparticle -- 2.2 NATURALLY OCCURRING NANOPARTICLES -- 2.3 INDUSTRIAL NANOPARTICLES -- 2.4 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES -- 2.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.4.2 Fullerenes -- 2.4.3 Quantum Dots -- 2.5 EMERGING USES FOR ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES -- 2.6 OTHER USEFUL DEFINITIONS -- 2.6.1 Aerosol -- 2.6.2 Particle Inertia -- 2.6.3 Brownian Motion -- 2.6.4 Particle Diameter -- 2.6.5 Agglomerate versus Aggregate -- 2.7 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Why are we Concerned? The Unique Properties of Nanoparticles -- 3.1 SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIO -- 3.2 PARTICLE SIZE -- 3.3 PARTICLE CONCENTRATION -- 3.4 DOSE METRICS: PARTICLE NUMBER, SURFACE AREA, MORPHOLOGY, AND SURFACE PROPERTIES -- 3.5 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS OF NANOPARTICLES -- 3.5.1 Respiratory Deposition -- 3.5.2 Skin Penetration -- 3.6 IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYSICAL RISKS -- 3.6.1 Introduction -- 3.6.2 Current Status -- 3.6.3 Conclusions -- 3.7 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Routes of Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH INHALATION -- 4.2.1 Human Respiratory System -- 4.2.2 Particle Deposition in the Respiratory System -- 4.3 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH DERMAL CONTACT -- 4.4 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH INGESTION -- 4.5 TRANSLOCATION OF NANOPARTICLES FROM THE LUNG -- 4.6 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Current Knowledge on the Toxicity of Nanoparticles -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 THE TOXICITY OF INDUSTRIAL NANOPARTICLES -- 5.3 NANOPARTICLE TOXICITY: GENERAL CONCEPTS -- 5.3.1 Routes of Exposure -- 5.3.2 In Vivo and In Vitro Testing -- 5.4 CARBON NANOTUBES -- 5.5 FULLERENES -- 5.6 QUANTUM DOTS -- 5.7 METAL-BASED NANOPARTICLES -- 5.8 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Sources of Exposure -- 6.1 OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES -- 6.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES IN RESEARCH FACILITIES -- 6.3 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES IN MANUFACTURING FACILITIES -- 6.4 EXPOSURE POTENTIAL FOR ENPs IN DIFFERENT PHYSICAL STATES -- 6.4.1 Dry Powders -- 6.4.2 Liquid Suspensions -- 6.4.3 ENPs Bound to a Solid -- 6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES -- 6.5.1 Environmental Releases -- 6.5.2 Exposures Through a Product's Life Cycle -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 Evaluation of Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles -- 7.1 CURRENT KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES -- 7.2 EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES BY INHALATION -- 7.2.1 Mass Sampling -- 7.2.2 Surface Area Measurement -- 7.2.3 Number Concentration Measurement -- 7.2.4 Conversion between Number, Surface Area, and Mass Concentrations -- 7.2.5 Particle Characterization -- 7.3 DERMAL EXPOSURES TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES -- 7.4 EVALUATION OF EXPOSURES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 Sample Collection -- 7.4.3 Measurement Methods -- 7.4.4 Exposure Characterization in Aquatic Environments -- Appendix 7.A.1: Derivation of Nanoparticle Displacement by Diffusion -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 Exposure Characterization -- 8.1 EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION STEPS -- 8.1.1 Standard Occupational Hygiene Models -- 8.1.2 Exposure Characterization for Nanomaterials -- 8.2 EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES -- 8.2.1 Single-Location Measurement -- 8.2.2 Multiple-Location Measurement -- 8.2.3 Near-Field and Far-Field Measurement 8.2.4 Dynamic Personal Sampling Measurement -- 8.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION -- 8.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA -- 8.4.1 Pearson Correlation -- 8.4.2 T-test -- 8.5 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF AEROSOL SAMPLING AND MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES -- 8.5.1 Aerosol Sampling Techniques -- 8.5.2 Microscopy Techniques -- 8.6 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS -- 8.6.1 Particle Losses -- 8.6.2 Concentration Measurement versus Particle Samples -- 8.7 TYPICAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES -- 8.7.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes -- 8.7.2 Composite Manufacture -- 8.8 CASE STUDY: MANUAL HANDLING OF NANOPARTICLES -- 8.8.1 Materials and Conditions -- 8.8.2 Particle Handling -- 8.8.3 Measurements -- 8.8.4 Aerosol Particle Characterization -- 8.8.5 Results -- 8.8.6 Discussion -- 8.8.7 The Challenge and Brainstorming -- 8.8.8 Study Questions -- 8.9 CASE STUDY: SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES -- 8.9.1 Materials and Synthesis -- 8.9.2 Measurement -- 8.9.3 Results -- 8.9.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming -- 8.9.5 Study Questions -- 8.10 CASE STUDY: EXPOSURE FROM TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING -- 8.10.1 Materials and Production Process -- 8.10.2 Measurements -- 8.10.3 Results -- 8.10.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming -- 8.10.5 Study Questions -- Appendix: 8.A.1 Normalized Size Distributions -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 Control of Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles -- 9.1 CONTROL OF AIRBORNE EXPOSURES -- 9.1.1 General -- 9.1.2 Laboratory Fume Hoods -- 9.1.3 Alternatives to Conventional Fume Hoods -- 9.2 CONTROL OF DERMAL EXPOSURES -- 9.2.1 General -- 9.2.2 Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment -- 9.3 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS AND GOOD WORK PRACTICES -- 9.3.1 Housekeeping -- 9.3.2 Work Practices -- 9.3.3 Worker Training -- 9.4 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION -- 9.4.1 General Considerations -- 9.4.2 Respirator Designs 9.5 CASE STUDY: COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS FUME HOODS -- 9.5.1 Materials and Hoods -- 9.5.2 Measurements -- 9.5.3 Results -- 9.5.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming -- 9.5.5 Study Questions -- 9.6 CASE STUDY: PERFORMANCE OF NONTRADITIONAL FUME HOODS -- 9.6.1 Materials and Hoods -- 9.6.2 Measurements -- 9.6.3 Results -- 9.6.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming -- 9.6.5 Study Questions -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Control of Environmental Exposures -- 10.1 CONTROL OF AIR EMISSIONS -- 10.1.1 Factors Affecting Air Cleaner Performance -- 10.1.2 Categories of Air Cleaning Devices -- 10.2 CONTROL OF WATER EMISSIONS -- 10.3 NANOPARTICLES IN SOLID WASTE -- 10.4 CONTROL OF EXPOSURES THROUGHOUT A PRODUCT'S LIFE CYCLE -- 10.5 UNCERTAINTIES AND NEEDED RESEARCH -- 10.6 CASE STUDY-FILTRATION CONTROL -- 10.6.1 Materials and Process -- 10.6.2 The Challenge and Brainstorming -- 10.6.3 Study Questions -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 The Regulatory Environment for Engineered Nanomaterials -- 11.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS -- 11.1.1 Occupational Health Regulations in the European Union -- 11.1.2 US Occupational Health Regulations -- 11.1.3 Summary: Occupational Exposure Regulations -- 11.2 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS -- 11.2.1 US Environmental Regulations -- 11.2.2 Environmental Regulations in the European Union -- 11.3 COMPARISON OF NANOTECHNOLOGY REGULATION UNDER TSCA AND REACH -- 11.3.1 The Precautionary Principle and the Burden of Proof -- 11.3.2 Differences in Handling New and Existing Chemicals -- 11.3.3 Volume-Based Thresholds and Exemptions -- 11.4 PRIVATE LAW -- 11.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 Future Directions in Engineered Nanoparticle Health and Safety -- 12.1 WHERE WE ARE TODAY -- 12.1.1 Research Efforts in the United States -- 12.1.2 Research Efforts in Europe -- 12.1.3 Progress toward Research Goals -- 12.2 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS STUDIES 12.3 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -- 12.3.1 Future Needs in Exposure Assessment Techniques -- 12.3.2 The Development of Occupational Exposure Limits -- 12.4 OPTIMAL APPROACHES TO CONTROL EXPOSURES -- 12.4.1 Engineering Control of Occupational Exposures -- 12.4.2 Control Banding -- 12.4.3 Respiratory Protection -- 12.4.4 Safe Work Practices -- 12.4.5 Air Pollution Control of Nanoparticles -- 12.4.6 Water Pollution Control of Nanoparticles -- 12.4.7 Nanoparticles in Waste Streams -- 12.5 THE FUTURE OF REGULATION -- 12.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Index -- EULA Summary Addresses health and safety issues associated with workplace Nanoparticle exposures-'Describes methods to evaluate and control worker exposures to engineered nanoparticles-'Provides guidance for concerned EHS professionals on acceptable levels of exposure to nanoparticles-'Includes documentation on best practices to be followed by all researchers when working with engineered nanoparticles-'Describes current knowledge on toxicity of nanoparticles-'Includes coverage on Routes of Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes Print version record and CIP data provided by publisher Subject Nanotechnology -- Safety measures Nanostructured materials industry -- Employees -- Health and hygiene Nanotechnology -- Health aspects Nanoparticles -- Toxicology Industrial hygiene. BUSINESS & ECONOMICS -- Infrastructure. SOCIAL SCIENCE -- General. Industrial hygiene Form Electronic book Author Tsai, Su-Jung LC no. 2014032075 ISBN 9781118998717 1118998715 9781118998663 1118998669

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