| Description |
1 online resource (xxxix, 327 pages) |
| Contents |
Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Table of Cases -- A. International Courts and Tribunals -- 1. International Court of Justice -- 2. International Criminal Court -- 3. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) -- 4. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda -- 5. International Military Tribunals -- 6. European Court of Human Rights -- 7. Inter- American Court of Human Rights -- 8. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- 9. Special Court for Sierra Leone -- 10. Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission -- 11. Other Arbitral Awards -- B. National Courts and Tribunals -- 1. 'Subsequent Proceedings' at Nuremberg (US Military Tribunals) -- 2. Austria -- 3. France -- 4. Germany -- 5. Israel -- 6. Italy -- 7. Netherlands -- 8. Norway -- 9. Singapore -- 10. United Kingdom -- 11. West Bank -- Table of Treaties -- Table of Resolutions -- A. Security Council -- B. General Assembly -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 The General Framework -- I. Belligerent Occupation as a Natural Phenomenon in War -- II. Belligerent Occupation and the Legality of War -- III. The Strata of the International Law of Belligerent Occupation -- A. Customary International Law -- B. The Hague Regulations -- C. Geneva Convention (IV) -- D. Additional Protocol I -- IV. A Brief Historical Outline -- A. The Past -- B. Recent Decades -- V. The Occupation of Iraq -- VI. The Case of Israel -- A. The Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip -- B. The West Bank -- C. The 'Oslo Process' Accords -- D. East Jerusalem -- E. The Golan Heights -- F. The General Applicability of Geneva Convention (IV) -- G. Judicial Review by the Supreme Court Sitting as a High Court of Justice -- H. The Domestic Applicability of Geneva Convention (IV) -- 2 The Legal Nature and Basic Principles of Belligerent Occupation |
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I. Prerequisite Conditions for Belligerent Occupation -- A. Belligerent Occupation and Inter-State Armed Conflicts -- (a) The Linkage of Belligerent Occupation to War -- (b) Occupation Following Unconditional Surrender -- (c) Non-International Armed Conflicts -- B. The Non-Consensual Nature of Belligerent Occupation -- (a) Coercion as the Key to Belligerent Occupation -- (b) Occupation Based on Agreement Following War -- (c) Consensual Occupation of Allied Territory during War -- (d) Occupation by United Nations Forces -- II. The Establishment of Belligerent Occupation -- A. The Origins of Belligerent Occupation -- B. Hague Regulation 42 -- C. Belligerent Occupation and Invasion -- D. The Time Element -- E. An Interval between Invasion and Belligerent Occupation -- III. Effective Control -- A. The Substitution of Authority -- B. Variations of Effective Control -- (a) The Degree of Effective Control -- (b) Effective Control 'by Proxy' -- (c) Control and Stability -- (d) Territory and Population -- (e) Maintaining Effective Control -- (f) Fluctuations of Effective Control -- IV. Some Ancillary Comments -- A. Jurisdictional Rights -- B. Outlying Land Areas -- C. Maritime Areas and Air Space -- D. Proclamation -- E. Several Occupying Powers -- V. Sovereignty and Belligerent Occupation -- A. Sovereignty and Non-Annexation -- B. Transfer of Title over an Occupied Territory -- C. Nationality and Allegiance -- VI. The Military Nature of the Government in an Occupied Territory -- A. The Administration of an Occupied Territory -- B. The Overall Responsibility of the Occupying Power -- C. Self-Government -- D. The Employment of Local Officials -- VII. Protected Persons in Occupied Territories -- A. Geneva Exclusions -- (a) Nationals of the Occupying Power -- (b) Nationals of Neutral and Co-Belligerent States -- (c) Nationals of Non-Contracting Parties |
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(D) Persons Protected by the other Geneva Conventions -- B. Geneva Inclusions -- C. The Treatment of Saboteurs -- VIII. Protecting Powers -- A. The Theory -- B. The Practice -- 3 Human Rights and Belligerent Occupation -- I. The International Law of Human Rights -- II. The Application of Human Rights Law in Occupied Territories -- III. Derogations from Obligations to Respect Human Rights -- A. Derogations and War -- B. Procedural and Substantive Requirements -- IV. Non-Derogable Human Rights -- V. Built-In Limitations of Human Rights -- A. Explicit Limitations -- B. Implicit Limitations -- VI. Balance between Competing Human Rights -- VII. The Interaction between the Law of Belligerent Occupation and the Law of Human Rights -- A. Convergence, Divergence and Complementarity -- (a) Convergence -- (b) Divergence -- (c) Complementarity -- B. The Advantages of the Law of Belligerent Occupation -- C. The Advantages of Human Rights Law -- D. The Lex Specialis Rule -- 4 The Maintenance of Law and Order in Occupied Territories -- I. Hague Regulation 43 -- II. The Structure and Scope of Regulation 43 -- III. Reestablishing and Ensuring Public Order and Life under Regulation 43 -- A. The General Obligation -- B. Safety from Violence -- C. Economic and Social Order -- IV. Violent Resistance to Occupation -- A. Occupation and Violent Resistance -- B. Saboteurs and Prisoners of War -- C. Levée en Masse -- V. Riot Control -- VI. Hostilities in Occupied Territories -- A. The Duality of Hostilities and Occupation -- B. Direct Participation in Hostilities -- C. 'Human Shields' -- 5 Legislation by the Occupying Power -- I. The Meaning of the Phrase 'les lois en vigueur' -- II. The Meaning of the Phrase 'empêchement absolu' -- III. Article 64 of Geneva Convention (IV) -- IV. The Specific Categories of Permissible Legislation -- A. Security Legislation |
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B. Repeal of Legislation Inconsistent with Geneva Convention (IV) -- (a) Fundamental Rights and Elimination of Discrimination -- (b) Right or Duty? -- (c) Prevalence over Conflicting Domestic Law -- C. Legislation Geared to the Needs of the Civilian Population -- D. Other Legislation -- V. Prolonged Occupation -- VI. The Litmus Test -- VII. Institutional Changes -- VIII. Taxation -- IX. Limitations of the Legislative Power -- X. Settlers -- 6 The Judicial System in Occupied Territories -- I. The Double-Tiered System of Courts -- A. Local Courts -- (a) Judicial Review of New Legislation by the Occupying Power -- (b) New Local Courts -- (c) Judges in the Local Courts -- (d) Members of the Bar -- (e) Appeals -- (f) Jurisdiction -- (g) Rights of Action -- B. Military Courts -- (a) The Nature of the Military Courts -- (b) Appeals -- (c) Special Cases -- C. Concurrent Jurisdiction -- II. The Right to a Fair Trial -- III. Capital Punishment -- 7 Protection of the Civilian Population under Belligerent Occupation -- I. Freedom from Genocide and the Right to Life -- A. The Prohibition of Genocide -- B. The Individual Right to Life -- II. Ensuring the Survival of the Civilian Population -- A. The Prohibition of Starvation of Civilians -- B. Sieges -- C. Ensuring Essential Supplies -- III. Respect for the Rights of Protected Persons -- IV. The Prohibition of Hostage-Taking -- V. Collective Penalties and Reprisals -- A. Collective Penalties -- B. Prolonged Curfews -- C. Demolition or Sealing Off of Houses -- D. Reprisals -- VI. Deportations and Transfer -- A. Voluntary Departure, Deportation and Relocation -- B. The Israeli Practice -- C. Individual versus Mass Deportations -- D. 'Exclusion' versus Deportation -- E. The State of Nationality versus Other Countries -- F. Occupying versus Occupied Territory -- VII. Evacuation |
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VIII. Internment (Administrative Detention) -- A. Internment as a Safety Measure -- B. The Difference between Internment and Imprisonment -- C. Appeal and Periodic Review -- IX. Assigned Residence -- X. Compulsory Work -- 8 Special Protection in Occupied Territories -- I. Refugees -- II. Women and Children -- A. Women -- B. Children -- (a) Protection and Respect -- (b) Care and Education -- (c) Identification -- (d) Preferential Treatment -- (e) Enlistment and Recruitment -- III. Medical Services -- A. Medical Needs and Hospitals -- B. Medical Personnel -- C. Medical Care by the Civilian Population and Red Cross Societies -- IV. Civil Defence -- V. Humanitarian Relief -- A. Relief Consignments -- B. Relief Personnel -- 9 Destruction, Spoliation and Pillage of Property in Occupied Territories -- I. Destruction of Property -- A. The General Jus in Bello Rule -- B. Article 53 of Geneva Convention (IV) -- C. Extensive and Wanton Destruction -- D. The Discretion of the Occupying Power -- E. Special Protection -- (a) Civilian Hospitals -- (b) Cultural Property -- (c) Submarine Cables -- F. Demolition of Houses as a Sanction -- (a) The Israeli Case Law -- (b) A Trade-Off of Sanctions? -- G. Demolitions of Houses on Other Grounds -- II. Spoliation -- III. Pillage -- A. The General Prohibition -- B. Cultural Property -- 10 Seizure and Requisition of Property in Occupied Territories -- I. General Observations -- A. Definitions -- B. Challenging the Validity of Seizure -- C. The Distinction between Public and Private Property -- II. Public Property -- A. Immovable Property -- (a) The Rights of Usufruct -- (b) Mining Rights -- (c) New Mines and Quarries -- (d) New Oil Wells -- (e) Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources -- B. Movable Property -- III. Extraordinary Property -- A. Communal Property -- B. Cultural Property -- C. Medical Property |
| Summary |
"The customary law of belligerent occupation goes back to the Hague and Geneva Conventions. Recent instances of such occupation include Iraq, the former Yugoslavia, the Congo and Eritrea, but the paradigmatic illustration is the Israeli occupation. The phenomenon is not new, and it is global. Still, numerous controversial points remain. How is belligerent occupation defined? What is the interaction with human rights law? Who is protected under belligerent occupation? Conversely, what measures can an occupying power lawfully resort to when encountering forcible resistance from inhabitants of the occupied territory? This book examines the legislative, judicial and executive rights of the occupying power and its obligations to the civilian population"-- Provided by publisher |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and indexes |
| Notes |
Online resource; title from digital title page (viewed on March 13, 2019) |
| Subject |
Military occupation.
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War (International law)
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Military occupation
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War (International law)
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| ISBN |
9781108671477 |
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1108671470 |
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