| Description |
xx, 522 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm |
| Contents |
Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction to Scientific Research -- Introduction -- Methods of Acquiring Knowledge -- Intuition -- Authority -- Rationalism -- Empiricism -- Science -- Induction and Deduction -- Hypothesis Testing -- Naturalism -- Kuhn and Paradigms -- Feyerabend's Anarchistic Theory of Science -- What Exactly Is Science? -- Basic Assumptions Underlying Scientific Research -- Uniformity or Regularity in Nature -- Reality in Nature -- Discoverability -- Characteristics of Scientific Research -- Control -- Operationalism -- Replication -- The Role of Theory in Scientific Research -- The Role of the Scientist in Psychological Research -- Curiosity -- Patience -- Objectivity -- Change -- Objectives of Psychological Research -- Description -- Explanation -- Prediction -- Control or Influence -- Pseudoscience -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- |
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Contents note continued: Challenge Exercises -- ch. 13 Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research -- Introduction -- Major Characteristics of Qualitative Research -- Research Validity in Qualitative Research -- Descriptive Validity -- Interpretive Validity -- Theoretical Validity -- Internal Validity -- External Validity -- Four Major Qualitative Research Methods -- Phenomenology -- Phenomenological Data Collection and Data Analysis -- Phenomenological Report Writing -- Ethnography -- Ethnographic Data Collection Methods -- Entry, Group Acceptance, and Fieldwork -- Data Analysis and Report Writing -- Case Study Research -- Data Collection in Case Study Research -- Case Study Designs -- Case Study Data Analysis and Report Writing -- Grounded Theory -- Data Collection in Grounded Theory Research -- Grounded Theory Data Analysis and Report Writing -- Mixed Methods Research -- Research Validity in Mixed Methods Research -- Mixed Methods Designs -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- |
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Contents note continued: Debriefing Functions -- How to Debrief -- Pilot Study -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Site -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercise -- ch. 10 Quasi-Experimental Designs -- Introduction -- Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design -- Outcomes with Rival Hypotheses -- Outcome I: Increasing Control and Experimental Groups -- Outcome II: Experimental-Group-Higher-than-Control-Group-at-Pretest Effect -- Outcome III: Experimental-Group-Lower-than-Control-Group-at-Pretest Effect -- Outcome IV: Crossover Effect -- Ruling out Threats to the Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design -- Causal Inference from the Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design -- Time-Series Design -- Interrupted Time-Series Design -- Regression Discontinuity Design -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 11 Single-Case Research Designs -- Introduction -- History of Single-Case Designs -- |
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Contents note continued: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies -- Qualitative Research -- Major Methods of Data Collection -- Tests -- Questionnaires -- Interviews -- Focus Groups -- Observation -- Existing or Secondary Data -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 3 Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation -- Introduction -- Sources of Research Ideas -- Everyday Life -- Practical Issues -- Past Research -- Theory -- Bias in Research Ideas -- Ideas Not Capable of Scientific Investigation -- Review of the Literature -- Getting Started -- Defining Objectives -- Doing the Search -- Books -- Psychological Journals -- Computerized or Electronic Databases -- Internet Resources -- Obtaining Resources -- Additional Information Sources -- Feasibility of the Study -- Formulating the Research Problem -- Defining the Research Problem -- Specificity of the Research Question -- Formulating Hypotheses -- Summary -- |
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Contents note continued: Figure Legends and Caption -- Figure Preparation -- Reference Citations -- Reference List -- Preparation of the Manuscript for Submission -- Ordering of Manuscript Pages -- Submission of the Research Report for Publication -- Acceptance of the Manuscript -- Presenting Research Results at Professional Conferences -- Oral Presentation -- Poster Presentation -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises |
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Contents note continued: Hypothesis-Testing Errors -- Hypothesis Testing in Practice -- The t Test for Correlation Coefficients -- One-Way Analysis of Variance -- Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance -- Analysis of Covariance -- Two-Way Analysis of Variance -- One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance -- The t Test for Regression Coefficients -- Chi-Square Test for Contingency Tables -- Other Significance Tests -- Hypothesis Testing and Research Design -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 16 Preparing the Research Report for Presentation or Publication -- Introduction -- The APA Format -- Preparation of the Research Report -- Writing Style -- Language -- Specificity -- Labels -- Participation -- Specific Issues -- Editorial Style -- Italics -- Abbreviations -- Headings -- Quotations -- Numbers -- Physical Measurements -- Presentation of Statistical Results -- Tables -- Figures -- |
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Contents note continued: Incomplete Counterbalancing -- Control of Participant Effects -- Double-Blind Placebo Method -- Deception -- Control of Participant Interpretation -- Control of Experimenter Effects -- Control of Recording Errors -- Control of Experimenter Attribute Errors -- Control of Experimenter Expectancy Error -- The Blind Technique -- The Partial Blind Technique -- Automation -- Likelihood of Achieving Control -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 8 Experimental Research Design -- Introduction -- Weak Experimental Research Designs -- One-Group Posttest-Only Design -- One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design -- Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Groups -- Strong Experimental Research Designs -- Between-Participants Designs -- Posttest-Only Control-Group Design -- Strengths and Weaknesses of the Posttest-Only Control-Group Design -- Within-Participants Designs -- |
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Contents note continued: Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report -- Authorship -- Writing the Research Report -- Ethics of Animal (Nonhuman) Research -- Safeguards in the Use of Animals -- Animal Research Guidelines -- I.Justification of the Research -- II.Personnel -- III.Care and Housing of Animals -- IV.Acquisition of Animals -- V.Experimental Procedures -- VI.Field Research -- VII.Educational Use of Animals -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 5 Measuring Variables and Sampling -- Introduction -- Defining Measurement -- Scales of Measurement -- Nominal Scale -- Ordinal Scale -- Interval Scale -- Ratio Scale -- Psychometric Properties of Good Measurement -- Overview of Reliability and Validity -- Reliability -- Test-Retest Reliability -- Equivalent-Forms Reliability -- Internal Consistency Reliability -- Interrater Reliability -- Validity -- Validity Evidence Based on Content -- |
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Contents note continued: Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 4 Ethics -- Introduction -- Research Ethics: What Are They? -- Relationship Between Society and Science -- Professional Issues -- Treatment of Research Participants -- Ethical Dilemmas -- Ethical Guidelines -- Beneficence and Nonmaleficence -- Fidelity and Responsibility -- Integrity -- Justice -- Respect for People's Rights and Dignity -- APA Ethical Standards for Research -- Ethical Issues to Consider When Conducting Research -- Institutional Approval -- Informed Consent -- Dispensing With Informed Consent -- Informed Consent and Minors -- Passive Versus Active Consent -- Deception -- Debriefing -- Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation -- Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy -- Ethical Issues in Electronic Research -- Informed Consent and Internet Research -- Privacy and Internet Research -- Debriefing and Internet Research -- |
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Contents note continued: Principle 5 Avoid Double-Barreled Questions -- Principle 6 Avoid Double Negatives -- Principle 7 Determine whether Closed-Ended and/or Open-Ended Questions Are Needed -- Principle 8 Construct Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Response Categories for Closed-Ended Questions -- Principle 9 Consider the Different Types of Closed-Ended Response Categories Rating Scales -- Binary Forced Choice -- Rankings -- Checklists -- Principle 10 Use Multiple Items to Measure Complex or Abstract Constructs -- Semantic Differential -- Likert Scaling -- Principle 11 Make Sure the Questionnaire Is Easy to Use From the Beginning to the End -- Ordering of Questions -- Contingency Questions -- Questionnaire Length -- Response Bias -- Principle 12 Pilot Test the Questionnaire Until It Is Perfected -- Selecting Your Survey Sample From the Population -- Preparing and Analyzing Your Survey Data -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- |
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Contents note continued: Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 14 Descriptive Statistics -- Introduction -- Descriptive Statistics -- Frequency Distributions -- Graphic Representations of Data -- Bar Graphs -- Histograms -- Line Graphs -- Scatterplots -- Measures of Central Tendency -- Mode -- Median -- Mean -- Measures of Variability -- Range -- Variance and Standard Deviation -- Standard Deviation and the Normal Curve -- Z-scores -- Examining Relationships Among Variables -- Unstandardized and Standardized Difference Between Group Means -- Correlation Coefficient -- Partial Correlation Coefficient -- Regression Analysis -- Contingency Tables -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 15 Inferential Statistics -- Introduction -- Sampling Distributions -- Estimation -- Hypothesis Testing -- Directional Alternative Hypotheses -- Review of the Logic of Hypothesis Testing -- |
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Contents note continued: Single-Case Designs -- ABA and ABAB Designs -- Interaction Design -- Multiple-Baseline Design -- Changing-Criterion Design -- Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs -- Baseline -- Changing One Variable at a Time -- Length of Phases -- Criteria for Evaluating Change -- Experimental Criterion -- Therapeutic Criterion -- Rival Hypotheses -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 12 Survey Research -- Introduction -- When Should One Conduct Survey Research? -- Steps in Survey Research -- Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Designs -- Selecting a Survey Data Collection Method -- Constructing and Refining a Survey Instrument -- Principle 1 Write Items to Match the Research Objectives -- Principle 2 Write Items That Are Appropriate for the Respondents to be Surveyed -- Principle 3 Write Short, Simple Questions -- Principle 4 Avoid Loaded or Leading Questions -- |
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Contents note continued: Strengths and Weaknesses of Within-Participants Designs -- Mixed Designs (i.e., Combination of Between and Within) -- Pretest-Posttest Control-Group Design -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Including a Pretest -- Factorial Designs -- Factorial Designs Based on within-subjects independent variables -- Factorial Designs Based on a Mixed Model -- Strengths and Weaknesses of Factorial Designs -- How To Choose or Construct the Appropriate Experimental Design -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 9 Procedure for Conducting an Experiment -- Introduction -- Institutional Approval -- Research Participants -- Obtaining Animals (Rats) -- Obtaining Human Participants -- Sample Size -- Power -- Apparatus and/or Instruments -- Procedure -- Scheduling of Research Participants -- Consent to Participate -- Instructions -- Data Collection -- Debriefing, or Postexperimental Interview -- |
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Contents note continued: Validity Evidence Based on Internal Structure -- Validity Evidence Based on Relations to Other Variables -- Using Reliability and Validity Information -- Sources of Information About Tests -- Sampling Methods -- Terminology Used in Sampling -- Random Sampling Techniques -- Simple Random Sampling -- Stratified Random Sampling -- Cluster Random Sampling -- Systematic Sampling -- Nonrandom Sampling Techniques -- Random Selection and Random Assignment -- Determining the Sample Size When Random Sampling Is Used -- Sampling in Qualitative Research -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 6 Research Validity -- Introduction -- Overview of Four Major Types of Validity -- Statistical Conclusion Validity -- Construct Validity -- Threats to Construct Validity -- Participant Reactivity to the Experimental Situation --Experimenter Effects -- Internal Validity -- Threats to Internal Validity -- |
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Contents note continued: History -- Maturation -- Instrumentation -- Testing -- Regression Artifact -- Attrition -- Selection -- Additive and Interactive Effects -- External Validity -- Population Validity -- Ecological Validity -- Temporal Validity -- Treatment Variation Validity -- Outcome Validity -- Relationship between Internal and External Validity -- Summary -- Key Terms and Concepts -- Related Internet Sites -- Practice Test -- Challenge Exercises -- ch. 7 Control Techniques in Experimental Research -- Introduction -- Control Techniques Carried Out at the Beginning of the Experiment Randomization -- Matching -- Matching by Holding Variables Constant -- Matching by Building the Extraneous Variable into the Research Design -- Matching by Yoked Control -- Matching by Equating Participants -- Control Techniques Carried Out During the Experiment --Counterbalancing -- Randomized Counterbalancing -- Intrasubject Counterbalancing -- Complete Counterbalancing -- |
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Contents note continued: ch. 2 Research Approaches and Methods of Data Collection -- Introduction -- Variables in Quantitative Research -- Experimental Research -- Causation -- Cause -- Effect -- Required Conditions for Making the Claim of Causation -- The Psychological Experiment -- 1.Objective Observation -- 2.Of Phenomena That Are Made to Occur -- 3.In a Strictly Controlled Situation in Which One or More Factors Are Varied and the Others Are Kept Constant --Example of an Experiment and Its Logic -- Advantages of the Experimental Approach -- 1.Causal Inference -- 2.Ability to Manipulate Variables -- 3.Control -- Disadvantages of the Experimental Approach -- 1.Does Not Test Effects of Nonmanipulated Variables -- 2.Artificiality -- 3.Inadequate Method of Scientific Inquiry -- Experimental Research Settings -- Field Experiments -- Laboratory Experiments -- Internet Experiments -- Nonexperimental Quantitative Research -- Correlational Study -- Natural Manipulation Research -- |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Subject |
Experimental design.
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Psychology -- Experiments -- Textbooks.
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Psychology, Experimental -- Textbooks.
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| Genre/Form |
Textbooks.
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| Author |
Johnson, Burke, author
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Turner, Lisa Anne, author
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| ISBN |
0205944566 |
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9780205944569 (with student access card) |
