Title Case studies in pediatric anesthesia / edited by Adam C. Adler, Arvind Chandrakantan, Ronald S. Litman

Published Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2019

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Description 1 online resource (xiv, 348 pages) Series Cambridge medicine Cambridge medicine (Series) Contents Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Chapter 1 Normal Parameters for Pediatric Anesthesia -- Chapter 2 Pharmacology and Physiology in the Term Neonate -- What Are the Differences Between Gastroschisis and Omphalocele? -- What Are the Risks and Benefits of Staged Versus Primary Abdominal Wall Closure? -- What Are the Anesthetic Considerations for Surgical Intervention of Patients with Gastroschisis or Omphalocele? -- What Are the Pertinent Preoperative Diagnostic and Laboratory Evaluations Suggested for These Patients? -- What Is the Prognosis for Patients with Gastroschisis and Omphalocele? -- What Is the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome? -- What Is the General Phenotypic Appearance of Children with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome? -- What Are the Associated Malformations Found in Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome? -- Discuss the Anesthetic Work-Up for a Patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome -- Which Patients Are at Risk for Developing Neonatal Hypoglycemia? -- During the Procedure, the Anesthesia Team Infuses D10 as Maintenance Fluid -- Does This Reduce the Need for Repeated Glucose Checks? -- On Postoperative Day 3, You Are Called to Evaluate the Patient for Visible Icterus: What Is the Mechanism for Jaundice in the Neonatal Period? -- What Is Kernicterus, and How Is It Prevented? -- Describe the Process of Protein Synthesis by the Neonatal Liver -- Identify the Differences in the Neonatal Hematologic System -- How Does the Immaturity of the Fetal Liver Effect Drug Metabolism? -- Describe the Differences in Renal Function Between the Neonatal and Adult Patient -- What Are the Determinants of Neonatal Oxygenation? -- How Do Lung Volumes in Children Compare to Those in Adults? -- Neonatal Apnea -- What Are the Etiologies of Neonatal Apnea? What Are the Risk Factors for Neonatal Apnea? -- What Are the Treatments for Neonatal Apnea? -- Review the Differences Related to Spinal Anesthetics Between Neonates and Adults -- Identify the Differences in Metabolism of Fentanyl and Morphine in the Neonate Compared to the Adult -- How Does Minimum Alveolar Concentration Relate to Age? -- What Is the Incidence of Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)? -- What Are the Clinical Characteristics of CH? -- What Risks Are Associated with Maternal Hypothyroidism? -- What Are the Main Disorders Screened for by the Neonatal Screening Programs? -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 3 Anesthetic Neurotoxicity in Children -- How Many Children Undergo Procedures with Anesthesia Annually? -- What Is the 2017 Concern/Warning About General Anesthesia from the Food and Drug Administration? -- What Studies Led to the FDA-Issued Warning? -- Based on the Animal Studies, Are the Effects of Neural Toxicity Dose Dependent? -- Summarize the Human Studies Evaluating Neurologic Effects of Anesthetics in Children -- What Future Studies Are Occurring? -- What Can You Tell Parents About Neuroapoptosis? -- What Can I Do to Limit Anesthetic Exposure in Young Children? -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 4 Preoperative Anxiety -- At What Age Are Patients Most Likely to Develop Separation Anxiety? -- What Is the Incidence of Preoperative Anxiety in Children? -- What Are the Risk Factors for Preoperative Anxiety in Children? -- What Are the Overall Benefits of Reducing Preoperative Anxiety? -- How Should You Prepare the Parents Prior to Induction? -- What Are the Methods Used to Reduce Preoperative Anxiety? -- What Is the Efficacy of Behavioral Interventions? -- What Are the Benefits and Risks Associated with Parental Presence During Induction? -- What Premedication Can Be Used to Reduce Preoperative Anxiety? -- Midazolam -- Diazepam -- Clonidine Ketamine -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 5 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Children -- What Is Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) and Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting (PDNV)? -- What Is the Incidence of PONV in Children? -- What Are the Risk Factors for PONV in Children? -- Why Is There a Minimal Incidence of PONV in Children under Three Years of Age? -- Is There a Multimodal PONV Model in Children? Is There a Tiered Model for PONV Based on Risk Factors? -- What Anesthetic Factors Can Contribute to PONV? -- Once PONV Occurs, How Is It Treated? -- What Predicts PDNV? What Is Its Incidence? -- What Are the Risk Factors for PDNV? -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 6 Emergence Delirium -- What Is Emergence Delirium (ED)? -- What Are the Risk Factors for ED, and How Is ED Measured? -- Can Emergence Delirium Be Prevented? -- What Are the Long-Term Sequelae of ED? -- What Is the Treatment of ED? -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 7 Anesthesia Care for the Premature Infant -- What Is a Preterm Infant? What Is a Term Baby? -- What Are the Unique Cardiovascular Issues in Preterm Infants? -- What Is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia? -- How Is Pulmonary Hypertension Related to Prematurity? -- What Is Apnea of Prematurity? Can It Be Prevented? -- What Is Intraventricular Hemorrhage? -- What Is the Pathophysiology of Intraventricular Hemorrhage? -- What Is Retinopathy of Prematurity and How Can Anesthesia Impact This? -- What Is Cerebral Palsy? -- What Is the Incidence of Cerebral Palsy (CP)? -- What Are the Consequences of CP? -- Why Are Premature Neonates Prone to Hypothermia? -- Why Are Premature Neonates More Prone to Hypoglycemia? What Are the Risks of Hypoglycemia? -- What Is Neonatal Acidosis? -- What Is Necrotizing Enterocolitis? -- What Is the Preoperative Evaluation for the Premature Infant? Is Regional or General Anesthesia Preferred for This Procedure? -- How Is a Neonatal Spinal Anesthetic Performed? -- Is the Incidence of Postoperative Apnea Different Between Regional and General Anesthesia? -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 8 Monitoring of the Pediatric Patient -- What Are the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Standard Monitors? -- What Other Monitors May Be Useful for This Case? -- What Is Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and What Does It Monitor? -- How Is NIRS Different from Pulse Oximetry? -- How Should a Noninvasive Blood Pressure Cuff Be Sized? -- What Is the Normal Blood Pressure in Children? -- What Arteries Can Be Used for Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring? -- What Techniques Can Be Used to Identify an Artery for Line Placement, and What Are the Limitations of Each? -- Where Should the Tip of an Umbilical Artery Catheter Be Located? What Are Potential Complications of Its Migration? -- How Is the Depth of Insertion Calculated for Umbilical Catheters? -- What Vessels Can Be Utilized for Central Line Placement? -- Where Should the Tip of a Central Venous Catheter Lie for Accurate Central Venous Pressure Measurement? -- What Is the Role of Pulmonary Artery Catheterization in Pediatrics? -- Would You Use Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) for This Patient? What Are Potential Complications of Its Use? -- What Are Potential Sources of Error in Pulse Oximeter Readings in Neonates? -- What Are Potential Sources of an Increased Arterial to End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Gradient in This Patient? -- Where Would You Monitor Temperature on This Patient? -- What Properties of Neonates Limit the Utility of Neuromuscular Blockade Monitoring? -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 9 Blood and Transfusion -- What Are the Considerations for the Perioperative Management in Patients with Hemoglobinopathies? What Are the Indications for Transfusion in the Perioperative Setting? -- Transfusion for the Preterm Infant -- What Are the Risks of Transfusion for Preterm Infants? -- Trauma and Indications for Transfusion -- What Are the Implications of Major Trauma in a Pediatric Patient? -- What Are the Indications for Plasma/Fresh Frozen Plasma Transfusion? -- What Are the Indications for Cryoprecipitate? -- What Is the Debate of 1:1:1 Component Therapy Versus Whole Blood? -- How Does Heparin Resistance Play a Role in the Perioperative Setting? -- How Does Hydroxyethyl Starch Play a Role in Platelet Function? -- How Does ABO Compatibility Play a Role in Transfusion? -- What Constitutes a ''Massive Blood Transfusion''? -- How Does Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Affect Future Transfusion? -- Tests to Help Guide Transfusion -- How Is TEG (Thromboelastography) Useful for Guiding Transfusion? -- How Is ROTEM Useful? -- Are PT and aPTT Interchangeable with ROTEM? -- What Is a FibTEM? -- What Role Does Activated Protein C Play in Diagnosis of Coagulopathy? -- How Is TRALI Diagnosed and How Significant Is It? -- Drugs -- When Is Factor VIIa Appropriate to Administer? -- What Measures Can Minimize Perioperative Blood Loss? -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 10 Asthma -- What Is the Definition of Asthma? -- What Are the Important Differential Diagnoses to Consider? -- What Is the Prevalence of Asthma? -- The Pathophysiology of Asthma -- What Are Some Precipitating Factors of Acute Asthma? -- What Are the Clinical Symptoms of Asthma? -- Are There Any Chronic Consequences of Asthma? -- What Are the Different Pharmacologic Agents Available for Asthma? -- The Preanesthetic Assessment of the Asthmatic Patient -- What Preoperative Testing Is Indicated? -- What Premedication Should Be Considered in Asthmatics? -- When Should Elective Surgery Be Delayed? Summary Pediatric anesthesiologists will encounter numerous challenges when caring for children, as their work involves more than simply adjusting drug dosages and equipment for smaller patients. In response, this practical book provides clinical guidance in an easily accessible and digestible question-answer format. Case Studies in Pediatric Anesthesia reviews the entire breadth of pediatric anesthesia and pain management, taking a case-based approach. Each chapter commences with a clinical case or scenario, guiding the reader through a tailored discussion. The chapters review the pathophysiology, anesthetic techniques, and surgical and perioperative considerations. High quality tables and figures feature throughout to help solidify key concepts. The chapters are prepared to be read in isolation and for reference when appropriate. Case Studies in Pediatric Anesthesia is aimed at anesthesiologists of all levels, from the trainee on their first pediatric rotation, to the pediatric fellow preparing for boards examination to the seasoned clinician Notes Vendor-supplied metadata Subject Pediatric anesthesia. Anesthesia. Children. Infants. Anesthesia Anesthesia -- methods Child Humans Infant children (people by age group) infants. Infants. Children. Anesthesia. Pediatric anesthesia. Form Electronic book Author Adler, Adam C., 1983- editor Chandrakantan, Arvind, 1977- editor Litman, Ronald S., editor ISBN 9781108668736 1108668739

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