| Description |
1 online resource (480 pages) |
| Series |
Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law no. 94 |
| Contents |
Cover -- Foreign Investment and the Environment in International Law -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Table of cases -- International Court of Justice/Permanent Court of International Justice -- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and UNCLOS-related arbitral tribunals -- WTO Dispute Settlement Body -- Other inter-State arbitrations -- Iran-United States Claims Tribunal -- Investment disputes (including OPIC decisions) -- European Court of Human Rights -- Inter-American Court of Human Rights -- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights -- European Community Courts -- Tribunal of the Southern Africa Development Community -- Human Rights Committee -- World Heritage Committee -- Aarhus Convention (NCP) -- World Bank Inspection Panel -- IFC CAO -- Domestic case-law -- Domestic determinations (National Contact Points under the OECD Guidelines) -- Table of treaties -- Introductory observations -- Part I Setting the framework -- 1 Changing winds -- three signs -- 1.1 The first sign -- conceptual evolution -- 1.2 The second sign -- integrating the environment into investment treaties -- 1.3 The third sign -- the environment breaks into investment disputes -- 2 Conceptualising interactions -- 2.1 Foreign investment and the environment -- 2.2 Synergies -- 2.3 Conflicts -- 2.3.1 Basic definitions -- 2.3.2 Normative and legitimacy conflicts in theory -- 2.3.3 Normative and legitimacy conflicts in treaty practice -- 2.4 Levels and sectors -- 2.4.1 Levels -- 2.4.2 Sectors -- 3 Synergies -- harnessing foreign investment to promote environmental protection -- 3.1 The form of synergies -- environmental project finance and PPPs -- 3.1.1 Environmental project finance -- 3.1.1.1 Environmental funds -- the example of the GEF -- 3.1.1.2 Market mechanisms |
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3.1.1.3 Hybrid approaches -- the PCF -- 3.1.2 Environmental PPPs -- 3.2 The substance of synergies -- climate change and biodiversity as examples -- 3.2.1 Foreign investment in climate change initiatives -- 3.2.1.1 Project-based mechanisms -- 3.2.1.2 Emissions trading -- 3.2.2 Foreign investment in biodiversity-related activities -- 3.2.2.1 Access and benefit sharing arrangements -- 3.2.2.2 Land use inducements -- 3.2.2.3 Tradable rights -- 4 Conflicts I -- soft control mechanisms -- 4.1 Standards of conduct -- 4.1.1 Direct standards affecting multinational enterprises -- 4.1.1.1 Overview -- 4.1.1.2 The OECD Guidelines -- 4.1.1.3 The UN Global Compact -- 4.1.2 Indirect standards affecting financial intermediaries -- 4.1.2.1 Overview -- 4.1.2.2 The IFC Performance Standards -- 4.2 Contractual approaches -- 4.2.1 Regulatory angle -- 4.2.2 Components of environmental contracts -- 4.3 Accountability mechanisms -- 4.3.1 Controlling companies -- direct mechanisms -- 4.3.1.1 Contractually agreed 'watchdogs' -- 4.3.1.2 Complaints before the Global Compact Office -- 4.3.1.3 OECD Specific Instances -- 4.3.1.4 The CAO Ombudsman procedure -- 4.3.2 Controlling the controllers -- indirect mechanisms -- 4.3.2.1 Controlling financiers -- the WB Inspection Panel and IFC compliance -- 4.3.2.2 Controlling regulators -- human rights bodies and non-compliance procedures -- 5 Conflicts II -- adjudication mechanisms -- 5.1 The adjudication of environment-related disputes -- 5.2 Jurisdictional matters -- 5.2.1 Jurisdictional bases in investment arbitration -- 5.2.2 Environmental claims -- 5.2.2.1 Environmental claims as investment claims -- 5.2.2.2 Environmental claims as independent heads of claim -- 5.2.2.3 Environmental counterclaims -- 5.2.3 Investments in accordance with (environmental) law -- 5.2.3.1 Environmental rights as investments |
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5.2.3.2 Investments contrary to environmental law -- 5.3 Applicable law -- 5.3.1 Preliminary observations -- 5.3.2 Choice of law and other indications -- 5.3.2.1 Choice of law clause in an investment contract -- 5.3.2.2 Choice of law provision in an investment treaty -- 5.3.2.3 References to the validity of an investment -- 5.3.2.4 Default rules -- 5.3.3 Relevance -- 5.3.3.1 Boundaries of the dispute -- 5.3.3.2 The pleas of the parties -- 5.3.3.3 Specific uses of environmental norms -- 5.4 Procedural matters -- 5.4.1 Role of non-disputing parties -- 5.4.1.1 Raising environmental issues -- 5.4.1.2 Reasons for third-party intervention -- 5.4.1.3 Applicable framework -- 5.4.2 Evidentiary issues -- 5.4.2.1 Downplaying the role of science -- 5.4.2.2 Scientific assistance -- 5.4.2.3 Adjustments to evidentiary standards -- 5.5 Damages -- 5.5.1 The irrelevance thesis -- 5.5.2 The police powers thesis -- 5.5.3 Middle grounds -- Part II Normative conflicts -- 6 Normative priority in international law -- 6.1 Fragmentation as it concerns the relations between environmental and investment protection -- 6.2 Specific conflict norms -- 6.3 General conflict norms -- 6.3.1 Sequential application -- 6.3.2 Lex superior -- 6.3.3 Lex specialis -- 6.3.4 Lex posterior -- 6.3.5 Interpretation techniques -- 6.3.5.1 Mutual supportiveness as interpretive guidance -- 6.3.5.2 General systemic integration -- 6.3.5.3 The principle of contemporaneity in the application of environmental norms -- 7 Foreign investment and the international regulation of freshwater -- 7.1 International regulation of freshwater -- an analysis of collision points -- 7.1.1 Overview -- 7.1.2 The regulatory approach -- 7.1.3 The human rights approach -- 7.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory bodies -- 7.2.1 Overview -- 7.2.2 Water allocation -- 7.2.3 Pollution and depletion of water-bodies |
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7.2.4 Procedural requirements -- 7.2.5 Access to clean and affordable water -- 7.3 Assessing contemporary practice -- 7.3.1 Conceptual findings -- 7.3.2 Some practical problems -- 7.3.2.1 The link is unclear -- 7.3.2.2 Invocation of the link in investment proceedings -- 7.3.2.3 The vulnerability of the link -- 7.3.2.4 The available conflict norms are (still) too general -- 8 Foreign investment and the protection of biological and cultural diversity -- 8.1 The protection of biological and cultural diversity -- an analysis of collision points -- 8.1.1 Overview -- 8.1.2 The regulatory approach -- 8.1.3 The human rights approach -- 8.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory bodies -- 8.2.1 Overview -- 8.2.2 Protected areas and species -- 8.2.3 Protection of minorities and Indigenous peoples -- 8.2.4 Other environmental obligations -- 8.3 Assessing contemporary practice -- 8.3.1 Conceptual findings -- 8.3.2 Some practical problems -- 8.3.2.1 The link is unclear -- 8.3.2.2 Invocation of the link in investment proceedings -- 8.3.2.3 The vulnerability of the link -- 8.3.2.4 The available conflict norms are (still) too general -- 9 Foreign investment and the international regulation of dangerous substances and activities -- 9.1 The regulation of dangerous substances and activities -- an analysis of collision points -- 9.1.1 Overview -- 9.1.2 The regulatory approach -- 9.1.3 The human rights approach -- 9.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory bodies -- 9.2.1 Overview -- 9.2.2 Administrative permits -- 9.2.3 Safety standards -- 9.2.4 Restriction of movement -- 9.2.5 Protection of the rights of individuals and minorities -- 9.3 Assessing contemporary practice -- 9.3.1 Conceptual findings -- 9.3.2 Some practical problems -- 9.3.2.1 The link is unclear -- 9.3.2.2 Invocation of the link in investment proceedings |
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9.3.2.3 The vulnerability of the link -- 9.3.2.4 The adequacy of the available conflict norms -- 10 Foreign investment and the climate change regime -- 10.1 Climate change policies -- an analysis of collision points -- 10.1.1 Overview -- 10.1.2 The regulatory approach -- 10.1.3 The human rights approach -- 10.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory bodies -- 10.2.1 Overview -- 10.2.2 Cap-and-trade systems -- 10.2.3 Command-and-control regulation -- 10.2.4 Differentiation (subsidies and duties) -- 10.2.5 The use of a human rights approach -- 10.3 Assessing contemporary practice -- 10.3.1 Conceptual findings -- 10.3.2 Some practical problems -- 10.3.2.1 Building a link with international obligations -- 10.3.2.2 The vulnerability of the link -- 10.3.2.3 The adequacy of the available conflict norms -- Part III Legitimacy conflicts -- 11 Normative priority between different legal systems -- 11.1 Legitimacy conflicts -- 11.2 Specific conflict norms -- 11.2.1 Types of specific conflict norms -- 11.2.2 Some illustrations -- 11.2.3 Effects -- 11.3 General conflict norms -- 11.3.1 Relations between domestic and international law -- 11.3.2 Conflicts of (domestic) laws -- 11.3.3 Regulatory powers as general conflict norms -- 12 Environmental measures and expropriation clauses -- 12.1 Three strands of cases -- 12.2 Direct environmental expropriation -- 12.3 Targeted environmental measures -- 12.3.1 Targeted measures v. general regulation -- 12.3.2 Targeted environmental measures amounting to an expropriation -- 12.3.3 Targeted environmental measures not amounting to an expropriation -- 12.4 Regulatory environmental measures -- 12.4.1 Rule or exception? -- 12.4.2 Reasons why environmental regulation rarely amounts to an expropriation -- 12.4.2.1 The extent of the deprivation -- 12.4.2.2 The use of the police powers doctrine |
| Summary |
Provides academics and practitioners with a detailed analysis of the interface between foreign investment and environmental law |
| Subject |
Investments, Foreign -- Law and legislation.
|
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Environmental law, International.
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Investments, Foreign -- Environmental aspects
|
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Environmental law, International.
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Investments, Foreign -- Environmental aspects.
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Investments, Foreign -- Law and legislation.
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| Form |
Electronic book
|
| ISBN |
6613951048 |
|
9786613951045 |
|
1283638584 |
|
9781283638586 |
|
9781139570787 |
|
1139570781 |
|
9780511902567 |
|
0511902565 |
|
9781107006386 |
|
1107006384 |
|
