| Description |
1 online resource (xxi, 737 pages) : illustrations |
| Series |
Knovel Library
|
| Contents |
Chapter 1 -- Introduction and Fundamentals -- 1 1.1 Lubricants in History -- 1 1.2 Functions of a Lubricant -- 3 1.3 Approval of Lubricants for Use -- 5 1.4 Friction and Wear, Lubrication and Tribology -- 10 1.4.1 The Mechanics of Friction -- 10 1.4.2 Dry Friction -- 13 1.4.3 Lubricated Sliding -- 14 1.4.4 Boundary Lubrication -- 16 1.4.5 Extreme Pressure (EP) Conditions -- 17 1.4.6 Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication -- 18 1.5 Solid and Grease Lubricants -- 19 1.5.1 Solid Lubricants -- 19 1.5.2 Greases -- 23 1.6 Unlubricated Conditions -- 23 1.7 Lubrication Requirements of Different Systems -- 25 1.7.1 Simple Systems -- 25 1.7.2 Internal Combustion Engines -- 30 1.7.3 Special Systems -- 41 1.8 References -- 41 Chapter 2 -- Constituents of Modern Lubricants -- 45 2.1 Base Stocks -- 45 2.1.1 Conventionally Refined Petroleum Base Stocks -- 46 2.1.2 Modern Conversion Processes -- 53 2.1.3 Reclaimed Base Stocks -- 57 2.1.4 Other Types of Base Stocks -- 58 2.2 Additives -- 63 2.2.1 Pour Point Depressants -- 63 2.2.2 Viscosity Modifiers -- 65 2.2.3 Anti-Oxidants -- 68 2.2.4 Detergents and Detergent Inhibitors -- 69 2.2.5 Dispersants -- 74 2.2.6 Detergent Formulations -- 75 2.2.7 Anti-Wear Additives -- 77 2.2.8 Friction Modifiers -- 80 2.2.9 Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors -- 81 2.2.10 Emulsifiers -- 82 2.2.11 Demulsifiers -- 83 2.2.12 Anti-Foam Additives -- 84 2.2.13 Other Additives -- 84 2.2.14 Interchangeability of Additives -- 84 2.3 References -- 85 Chapter 3 -- Crankcase Oil Testing -- 89 3.1 Introduction -- 89 3.2 Laboratory Bench Tests -- 91 3.2.1 Tests for Physical Properties -- 91 3.2.2 Chemical Tests and Properties -- 111 3.3 Performance Testing -- 117 3.3.1 Bench Performance Tests -- 117 3.3.2 Laboratory Engine Tests -- 120 3.3.3 Field Testing -- 126 3.4 Precision and Accuracy; Testing Statistics of Automotive Lubricants -- 130 3.4.1 Basic Statistical Principles -- 130 3.4.2 Laboratory Tests on Petroleum Products -- 139 3.4.3 Engine Tests -- 143 3.4.4 Reference Lubricants -- 147 3.4.5 Reference Fuels |
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151 3.5 Tests on Used Oils -- 152 3.5.1 Tests for Evaluation of Oil Condition -- 153 3.5.2 Testing for Equipment Condition -- 158 3.6 References -- 160 Chapter 4 -- Crankcase Oil Quality Levels and Formulations -- 165 4.1 Evolution of Quality Levels -- 165 4.1.1 Gasoline Engine Oils -- 169 4.1.2 Diesel Engine Oils -- 175 4.1.3 Multipurpose Gasoline/Diesel Oils -- 179 4.1.4 Super Tractor Universal Oils (STUOs) -- 183 4.2 Formulating a Crankcase Oil -- 186 4.2.1 Choice of Base Stocks -- 186 4.2.2 Choice of Viscosity Modifier -- 188 4.2.3 Developing the Performance Package -- 189 4.2.4 Evaluating and Finalizing a Formulation -- 191 4.3 Specialized Crankcase Oils -- 194 4.4 References -- 197 Chapter 5 -- Practical Experiences with Lubricant Problems -- 199 5.1 Use of Inappropriate Lubricants -- 199 5.2 Lubricant/Design Interactions -- 202 5.3 Inadequate Test Procedures -- 214 5.4 New Marketing Initiatives -- 215 5.5 References -- 216 Chapter 6 -- Performance Levels, Classification, Specification, and Approval of Engine Lubricants -- 219 6.1 Definitions -- 219 6.2 Performance Measurement -- 220 6.2.1 Performance Parameters -- 220 6.2.2 Performance Requirements for Gasoline Engine Oils -- 223 6.2.3 Performance Requirements for Diesel Engine Oils -- 226 6.2.4 Problems with Engine Test Procedures -- 232 6.3 The Organizations Involved and Their Roles -- 236 6.3.1 The United States -- 236 6.3.2 Europe -- 246 6.3.3 Japan -- 250 6.3.4 Other Countries -- 251 6.3.5 The International Scene -- 252 6.4 General Comments -- 254 6.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Establishing a New Quality Level -- 255 6.4.2 Motor Industry and User Quality Level Philosophies -- 257 6.5 References -- 259 Chapter 7 -- Other Lubricants for Road Vehicles -- 263 7.1 Gear Oils -- 263 7.1.1 Introduction -- 263 7.1.2 Additives -- 266 7.1.3 Automotive Gear Oil Formulation -- 268 7.1.4 Gear Oil Testing -- 271 7.1.5 Gear Oil Specifications and Quality Levels -- 274 7.1.6 Limited-Slip Differentials -- 276 7.2 Automatic Transmission Fluids (ATF) |
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277 7.2.1 Introduction -- 277 7.2.2 Characteristics of a Conventional Automatic Transmission -- 281 7.2.3 Requirements of an Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) .... 285 7.2.4 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) Testing -- 289 7.2.5 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) Formulation -- 291 7.2.6 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) Approvals and Specifications -- 292 7.2.7 Tractor Hydraulic Fluids -- 294 7.3 Greases -- 295 7.3.1 Introduction -- 295 7.3.2 Characteristics of Common Greases -- 299 7.3.3 Grease Manufacture -- 302 7.3.4 Grease Testing -- 303 7.3.5 Use of Grease in Motor Vehicles -- 309 7.4 References -- 309 Chapter 8 -- Other Specialized Oils of Interest -- 315 8.1 Small-Engine Oils (Two- and Four-Stroke Engines) -- 315 8.1.1 Automobile Engines -- 315 8.1.2 Mopeds, Motorscooters, and Lawnmowers -- 317 8.1.3 Chainsaws -- 318 8.1.4 Motorcycles -- 318 8.1.5 Outboard Motors -- 320 8.1.6 Small-Engine Oil Tests and Specifications -- 321 8.1.7 General-Purpose Two-Stroke Oils -- 326 8.2 Gas Turbine Oils -- 327 8.3 Railroad Oils -- 328 8.4 Hydraulic Oils -- 331 8.5 Lubricants for Air-Conditioning Systems -- 333 8.6 Industrial Lubricants in Automotive Manufacturing Plants -- 334 8.7 References -- 344 Chapter 9 -- Blending, Storage, Purchase, and Use -- 347 9.1 Deciding on Oil Composition -- 348 9.2 Purchasing the Components -- 350 9.2.1 Component Specifications -- 350 9.2.2 Checking Incoming Materials -- 353 9.3 Oil Blending -- 356 9.3.1 Batch Blending -- 356 9.3.2 Automated and In-Line Blending -- 361 9.4 Quality Control -- 362 9.5 External Monitoring Schemes -- 363 9.6 Storage of Lubricants -- 364 9.6.1 Bulk Storage in Tanks -- 364 9.6.2 Barrel Storage -- 365 9.6.3 Cans and Small Packages -- 366 9.7 Purchasing Lubricants -- 366 9.7.1 Quality Considerations -- 366 9.8 Oil Use for Small Users -- 368 9.9 Use of Lubricants in Large Plants -- 368 9.10 Complaints and Troubleshooting -- 370 9.10.1 Complaint Procedure -- 370 9.10.2 Laboratory Examination of Samples -- 371 9.10.3 The Usual Causes of Complaints |
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371 Chapter 10 -- Safety, Health, and the Environment (SHE) -- 373 10.1 Introduction -- 373 10.2 Notification Laws for New Substances -- 374 10.3 Classification and Labeling -- 375 10.4 Toxicology of Lubricants -- 377 10.4.1 Base Stocks -- 377 10.4.2 Additives -- 378 10.4.3 Unused Lubricants -- 380 10.4.4 Used Lubricants -- 381 10.5 Biodegradability -- 381 10.6 Lubricant Effects on Automotive Emissions -- 383 10.7 Disposal of Used Lubricants -- 385 10.8 Transportation -- 386 10.9 Marketing Aspects -- 387 10.10 References -- 387 Chapter 11 -- The Future -- 393 11.1 The Influences for Change -- 393 11.1.1 End Users -- 394 11.1.2 Oil Companies -- 395 11.1.3 Vehicle Manufacturers -- 395 11.1.4 Technical Societies -- 397 11.1.5 Environmental Pressures -- 398 11.2 Predicting the Future -- 400 11.3 Changes to Existing Types of Formulations -- 402 11.3.1 Alternative Base Stocks -- 402 11.3.2 Additive Technology -- 403 11.4 External Factors Influencing Oil Quality -- 404 11.4.1 New Hardware -- 404 11.4.2 Hardware Problems -- 407 11.4.3 Demands of Ancillaries -- 407 11.4.4 Alternative Fuels -- 408 11.4.5 Emissions Effects -- 409 11.4.6 Safety, Health, and the Environment (SHE) -- 409 11.4.7 Oil Supply and Consumer Buying Habits -- 410 11.5 Developments in Testing, Classifications, and Approvals -- 412 11.5.1 Test Costs -- 413 11.5.2 Quality Approval Procedures -- 414 11.5.3 Oil Quality Development -- 414 11.6 Future Crankcase Oils -- 415 11.7 Other Automotive Lubricants -- 416 11.8 Conclusions -- 417 11.9 References -- 418 Appendices 1. Glossary -- 421 2. Common Automotive Acronyms -- 475 3. Basic Petroleum Chemistry -- 481 4. The S.I. System of Units -- 489 5. Engine Oil Tests (SAE J304) -- 495 6. Precision of Laboratory Tests -- 503 7. Engine Oil Performance Classifications (SAE J183 and J2227) -- 507 a. SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service Classification (Other than "Energy Conserving") -- 507 b. SAE J2227 International Tests and Specifications for Automotive Engine Oils |
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561 8. Approximate Engine and Rig-Test Prices -- 2001 -- 577 9. Engine Oil Viscosity Classification (SAE J300) -- 581 10. Crankcase Lubricant Performance Standards -- 591 a. ILSAC GF-3 Minimum Performance Standard for Passenger-Car Engine Oils -- 591 b. ACEA European Oil Sequences 2002 -- 599 c. Recommended Guideline -- Global Performance Specification for Diesel Engine Oil (Global DHD-1 ) -- 613 d. Global Performance Specifications for Light-Duty Diesel Engine Oil (Global DLD-1, DLD-2, and DLD-3) -- 629 11. Gear Oil Classifications (SAE J306 and J308) -- 645 a. SAE J306 Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity Classification -- 645 b. SAE J308 Axle and Manual Transmission Lubricants -- 649 12. Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) Specifications and Approvals -- 657 13. Automotive Lubricating Greases (SAE J310) -- 665 14. Small-Engine (2T/4T) Lubricant Tests and Classifications -- 681 a. The CEC/API Two-Stroke Classification: Two-Stroke Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants Performance and Service Classification (SAE J2116) -- 681 b. The ICOMIA Specification: Lubricating Oil for Two-Stroke Cycle Marine Engines -- Reduced Environmental Impact (ICOMIA Standard No. 27 / 97) -- 687 c. JASO T 903:1998: Motorcycles -- Four-Stroke Cycle Gasoline Engine Oils -- 689 15. Physical and Chemical Properties of Engine Oils (SAE J357) -- 693 16. Useful Industry Websites -- 705 Index -- 707 About the Authors -- 737 |
| Summary |
The automotive lubricants arena has undergone significant changes since the first edition of this book was published in 1996. This second edition includes updated and expanded details of these changes, and provides a solid foundation to this important element of automotive engineering. Chapters include: Introduction and Fundamentals Practical Experiences with Lubricant Problems Performance Levels, Classification, and Specification Blending, Storage, Purchase, and Use The Future and more |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Subject |
Lubricating oils.
|
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Automobiles -- Lubrication.
|
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lubricating oil.
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Automobiles -- Lubrication
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Lubricating oils
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| Form |
Electronic book
|
| Author |
Haycock, R. F. (Roger F.)
|
|
Hillier, John E
|
| LC no. |
2004048248 |
| ISBN |
0768012511 |
|
9780768012514 |
|
9780768034790 |
|
0768034795 |
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