Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; Introduction; 1 Natural vs. Artificial: "The Right Way to Dispose of Town Sewage"; Land Treatment as the Right and Natural Way to Dispose of Sewage; Naturalizing Biology; "Nature's Own Methods"; Contesting the Natural; Rejecting Bacteria; Industrializing Biology; Activated Sludge; Creating an Ecosystem; Industrializing the Ecosystem; 2 Public vs. Private: "Nature Must Be Circumvented"; The Septic Tank Syndicate; Activated Sludge Inc.; Patents and Professionals; Sewage and the Public Interest; Public Research; Monopolizing Natural Processes
"The Chaos of Pure Science and Natural Processes"The Rise of Private Industrial Research; 3 Craft vs. Science: "Be an Operator, Not a Valve Turner"; Process Control; Process Control in Sewage Treatment; "Skilled Control of the Process Will Be Essential"; "A Living System"; An "Unsavoury" Occupation; "If Only We Could Measure It"; The Visible and the Invisible; Complexity and Alienation; 4 Profit vs. Purification: "Sewage Is Something to Be Got Rid Of"; The "Search for 'El Dorado' in the Cities' Sewers"; Crossness and Barking; "A Mischievous Error"; The Rise of Biological Treatment
Profit and Purification in AmericaMilwaukee and "Sewer Socialism"; Milorganite®; "Plus Values"; "A Fancy Name ... Helps a Lot"; "We Are a Sanitary Facility"; 5 The Contradictions Continue: Sewage Treatment since the Clean Water Act; Profit vs. Purification; Craft vs. Science; Public vs. Private; Natural vs. Artificial; Biological Sewage Treatment in the Twenty-first Century; 6 From Sewage to Biotech: "What We Have before Us Is an Industrial Product"; Biotechnology and the Contradictions of the Industrial Ecosystem; The Expanding Industrial Ecosystem
Hybridizing Sewage, Biotechnology, and Nature7 Conclusion: The Living Machine®; Notes; Introduction; 1 Natural vs. Artificial; 2 Public vs. Private; 3 Craft vs. Science; 4 Profit vs. Purification; 5 The Contradictions Continue; 6 From Sewage to Biotech; 7 Conclusion; Selected Bibliography; Index; Urban and Industrial Environments Series
Summary
A history of of the industrial ecosystem that focuses on the biological sewage treatment plant as an early example
Analysis
ENVIRONMENT/Environmental Politics & Policy
ARCHITECTURE/Urban Design
Bibliography
Includes bibliographical references (pages 295-311) and index
