1. Introduction -- 2. United States v. wade and its progeny: right to counsel -- 3. The due process test for eyewitness identification -- 4. Exclusionary sanctions in identification cases -- 5. Photo and voice identification -- 6. Factors of independent source or reliability -- 7. Tainted identification -- 8. Compulsory appearance for identification -- 9. Procedural issues -- 10. Standards of fairness -- 11. Cross-examination of the eyewitness at trial