| Description |
xv, 386 pages ; 24 cm |
| Contents |
Machine generated contents note: 1.1.Possible Connection of Lightning to Early Human Development -- 1.2.Ancient Myths -- 1.3.First Attempts at a Natural Explanation of Lightning -- 1.4.Final Breakthrough -- 1.5.Modern Day Myths -- References -- 2.1.Introduction -- 2.2.Beginning of an Electrical Discharge [-] Electron Avalanche -- 2.3.Electrical Discharges Consist Only of Electron Avalanches -- 2.4.Streamer Discharges [-] Avalanche to Streamer Transition -- 2.5.Corona Discharges Consisting of Both Avalanches and Streamer Discharges -- 2.6.Extension and Charge of Streamer Discharge -- 2.7.Leader Discharge -- 2.8.Propagation of Leader Discharge -- 2.9.Potential of Leader Channel -- 2.10.Mechanism of Stepped Leader -- 2.11.Low-Pressure Electrical Discharges -- 2.12.A Summary of Mechanism of Lightning Flashes -- References -- 3.1.Electric Field Generated by a Point Charge -- 3.2.Electric Potential of Point Charge -- 3.3.Gauss's Law -- 3.4.Electric Field Inside and on Surface of Perfect Conductor -- 3.5.Electric Field of a Point Charge Over a Perfect Conductor -- 3.6.Ampere's Law and the Magnetic Field due to a Long Conductor -- 3.7.Magnetic Field Produced by Current Element -- 3.8.Faraday's Law and the Voltage Induced in a Loop in the Vicinity of a Current-Carrying Conductor -- 3.9.Force Between Two Current-Carrying Conductors -- 3.10.Electric Fields Generated by a Tripolar Thundercloud -- 3.11.Electric Field Change Due to Cloud Flash -- 3.12.Electric Field Change Due to Ground Flash -- 3.13.Electric Field Change Caused by Stepped Leader -- 3.14.Electric Field Change Caused by Leader Return Stroke Combination -- 3.15.Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields -- 3.16.Relaxation Time of a Conducting Medium -- 3.17.Electromagnetic Fields of a Dipole -- 3.18.Electromagnetic Fields of a Dipole Over a Perfectly Conducting Ground Plane -- 3.19.Electromagnetic Fields of a Current Element in Time Domain Over a Perfectly Conducting Ground Plane -- 3.20.Electromagnetic Field of a Return Stroke -- References -- 4.1.Variation of Atmospheric Temperature with Height -- 4.2.Variation in Air Pressure and Air Density with Height -- 4.3.Electrical Characteristics of Earth's Atmosphere -- 4.3.1.Electron Density Profile of Atmosphere -- 4.3.2.Electric Conductivity of Atmosphere -- 4.4.Fair-Weather Electric Field in the Atmosphere -- 4.5.Global Electrical Circuit -- References -- 5.1.Cumulus Cloud -- 5.2.Formation of a Thundercloud -- References -- 6.1.Charge Generation in Thunderclouds -- 6.1.1.Ice[-]Graupel Collision Mechanism -- 6.1.2.Consequences of Ice[-]Graupel Collision Charging Mechanism -- 6.2.Different Types of Lightning Flash -- 6.3.Global Distribution of Lightning Flashes -- 6.4.Density of Lightning Flashes Striking Earth -- References -- 7.1.Initiation of Lightning Flashes Inside a Cloud -- 7.1.1.Conditions Necessary for Initiation of Lightning Flashes -- 7.1.2.Classical Explanation -- 7.1.3.Electron Runaway Breakdown Mechanism -- 7.2.Mechanism of Lightning Flash -- 7.2.1.Bidirectional Propagation of a Leader -- 7.2.2.Concept of Recoil Leaders -- 7.2.3.Mechanism of Ground Flashes -- 7.2.4.Mechanism of Cloud Flashes -- 7.2.5.Mechanism of Upward Initiated Lightning Flashes -- 7.2.6.Mechanism of Positive Ground Flashes and Their Main Difference with Negative Ground Flashes -- 7.3.Nomenclature of Ground Lightning Hashes -- References -- 8.1.Measurement of Lightning Currents at Strike Point -- 8.1.1.Measurement of Lightning Currents Using Instrumented Towers -- 8.1.2.Measurements of Lightning Currents Using Triggered Lightning -- 8.2.General Features of Currents Measured in Triggered Lightning and Towers -- 8.2.1.General Features of Upward Initiated Lightning Flashes -- 8.2.2.General Features of Downward Lightning Flashes -- 8.3.Specific Features of Lightning Currents -- 8.3.1.Features of First and Subsequent Return-Stroke Currents -- 8.3.2.Features of M-Component Current -- 8.3.3.Features of Continuing Currents -- References -- 9.1.Introduction -- 9.2.Measurement of Electric Fields -- 9.2.1.Principle of the Vertical Antenna -- 9.2.2.Principle of Electric Field Mill -- 9.2.3.Measurement of Magnetic Fields -- 9.3.Electric Field Close to Lightning Channel -- 9.4.Fine Structure of Radiation Fields from Stepped Leaders and Return Strokes -- 9.4.1.Slow Front and Fast Transition -- 9.4.2.Distribution of Peak Radiation Fields of Return Strokes -- 9.4.3.Time Derivative of Radiation Field -- 9.4.4.Subsidiary Peaks -- 9.4.5.Zero Crossing Time -- 9.4.6.Ionospheric Reflections -- 9.5.Electromagnetic Fields from Cloud Flashes -- 9.5.1.Radiation Fields of Cloud Flashes -- 9.6.Compact Cloud Flashes -- 9.7.Electromagnetic Spectrum -- References -- 10.1.Introduction -- 10.2.Return-Stroke Process -- 10.3.Current-Generation-Type Return-Stroke Model -- 10.3.1.Selection of Input Parameters in Current-Generation-Type Return-Stroke Models -- 10.4.Current-Propagation-Type Return-Stroke Models -- 10.5.Analytical Expression for Channel Base Current -- References -- 11.1.Introduction -- 11.2.Experimental Observations -- 11.3.Theories of Return Stroke Speed -- 11.3.1.Theories of Lundholm and Wagner -- 11.3.2.Rai's Theory -- 11.3.3.Cooray [-] Model I -- 11.3.4.Cooray [-] Model II -- References -- 12.1.Introduction -- 12.2.Theory -- 12.3.Illustration of Propagation Effects -- References -- 13.1.Magnetic Direction Finding -- 13.2.Time-of-Arrival Method -- 13.3.Interferometric Method -- 13.4.Thunder Ranging -- 13.5.Observations from Satellites -- 13.6.Other Methods -- 13.6.1.Peak Electric Field [11] -- 13.6.2.Time-Reversal Method [12] -- 13.7.Lightning Localization Systems in Practice -- References -- 14.1.The Concept of Cloud Potential -- 14.2.Cloud Potential as a Function of the Return Stroke Peak Current -- 14.3.Analytical Expression for EGM Striking Distance -- 14.4.Distribution of Negative Charge on Stepped Leader and Dart Leader Channel -- 14.5.Distribution of Positive Charge Deposited by Return Stroke on Leader Channel -- 14.6.Energy Dissipation in First Return Strokes -- 14.7.Energy Dissipated by Subsequent Return Strokes -- References -- 15.1.Introduction -- 15.2.Generation of Thunder -- 15.3.Temperature of a Lightning Channel and How It Is Measured -- 15.4.Thickness of a Lightning Channel -- 15.5.Melting of Material -- 15.6.Heating of Material as Lightning Current Passes Through an Object -- 15.7.Attraction of Two Current-Carrying Conductors -- 15.8.Induction of Voltages Due to Lightning-Generated Magnetic Fields -- 15.9.Induction Due to Electric Field -- 15.10.Energy Dissipation During a Lightning Strike -- 15.11.Effects of Direct Lightning Strikes on Structures -- 15.11.1.Direct Lightning Strike to a House -- 15.11.2.Direct Strike to Trees -- 15.11.3.Direct Strike to an Airplane -- 15.11.4.Direct Strike to a Windmill -- 15.11.5.Effects of Lightning on Power Lines -- References -- 16.1.Lightning Causes Human Casualties -- 16.2.Different Ways in Which Lightning Can Interact with Humans -- 16.2.1.Direct Strike -- 16.2.2.Side Flash -- 16.2.3.Touch Voltage -- 16.2.4.Step Voltage -- 16.2.5.Connecting Leader -- 16.2.6.Shock Waves -- 16.2.7.A Single Lightning Strike Can Cause Injuries to Many People -- 16.3.Different Types of Injury -- 16.3.1.Cardiac and Respiratory Arrest -- 16.3.2.Injuries to the Eye -- 16.3.3.Injuries to the Ear -- 16.3.4.Injuries to the Nervous System -- 16.3.5.Paralysis During Lightning Strikes -- 16.3.6.Burns Caused by Lightning -- 16.3.7.Psychological Injuries -- 16.3.8.Injuries Caused by Shock Waves -- 16.3.9.Disability Caused by Lightning -- References -- 17.1.Function of a Lightning Conductor -- 17.2.Attractive Range of a Lightning Conductor [-] Electro-Geometrical Method -- 17.3.Estimating the Location of Lightning Conductors Using EGM [-] Rolling Sphere Method -- 17.4.Angle of Protection -- 17.5.Volume of Protection Provided by Horizontal and Vertical Conductors -- 17.6.Estimating the Number of Lightning Flashes Striking a Structure Over a Given 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Period of Time -- 17.7.Basic Features of External Lightning Protection System -- 17.8.Mesh Protection Method -- 17.9.Summary of External Lightning Protection System -- 17.10.Internal Lightning Protection System -- 17.10.1.Surge Protective Devices -- 17.10.2.Electromagnetic Zoning -- 17.11.Inadequacies of EGM -- 17.12.Attachment Models More Advanced Than EGM -- 17.13.Unconventional Lightning Protection Systems -- 17.13.1.Early Streamer Emission Principle -- 17.13.2.Lightning Dissipaters -- References -- 18.1.Introduction -- 18.2.Conditions Necessary for the Inception of a Connecting Leader According to Different Models -- 18.2.1.Critical Radius Concept -- 18.2.2.Rizk Criterion -- 18.2.3.Becerra and Cooray Criterion -- 18.3.Leader Propagation Models -- 18.3.1.Eriksson's Model -- 18.3.2.Dellera and Garbagnati Model -- 18.3.3.Rizk's Model -- 18.3.4.Becerra and Cooray Model (SLIM) -- 18.4.Comparison of Different Models -- References -- 19.1.Introduction -- 19.2.Production of Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere -- 19.3.Schumann Resonances -- 19.4.Global Warming and Lightning -- 19.5.Upper Atmospheric Electrical Discharges -- 19.5.1.Sprites -- 19.5.2.Blue Jets and Gigantic Jets -- 19.5.3.Elves -- 19.6.Energetic Radiation Production from Lightning and Thunderstorms -- References -- 20.1.Introduction -- 20.2.Forked Lightning -- 20.3.Bead Lightning -- 20.4.Ribbon Lightning -- 20.5.Lightning without Thunder -- 20.6.Ball Lightning -- References -- Appendix A How to Avoid Lightning Injuries -- A.1.How to Avoid Lightning Injuries -- A.2.Most Commonly Asked Questions -- Appendix B Advanced Books on Lightning for Further Reading |
| Summary |
This book about lightning summarizes the essence of physics and effects of lightning in a non-technical manner and provides an up-to-date description of the phenomenon of lightning in simple language. Starting with the myths related to lightning, the reader is introduced to the mechanism of lightning flashes and their interactions with humans, human-made systems and Earth's environment. Most of the available books on lightning are written for the experts in the field and there is a need for a book that introduces the undergraduate and beginning post graduate students to the subject of lightning and prepares them for more advanced books meant for the experts. This introductory book, which is based on a series of lectures given to undergraduate and postgraduate students in electrical engineering, is intended to fill this need. Tailored to the needs of university students who plan to study electrical engineering, meteorology, environmental or basic physics, it is also a valuable reference resource for laymen who are interested in knowing more on this phenomenon |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Notes |
Also available electronically |
| Subject |
Lightning.
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|
Weather.
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| LC no. |
2014951208 |
| ISBN |
9401789371 |
|
9789401789370 |
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