1. Introduction -- 2. Censure and Proportionality -- 3. 'Dominion' and Censure / Andrew Von Hirsch and Andrew Ashworth -- 4. Seriousness and Severity -- 5. Anchoring the Penalty Scale -- 6. Hybrid Models -- 7. Intermediate Sanctions -- 8. Penance and Personalized Desert -- 9. Degradingness and Intrusiveness / Andrew Von Hirsch and Uma Narayan -- 10. The Politics of Proportionality -- Epilogue: The Aspiration to Penal Justice