Title Encyclopedia of snow, ice and glaciers / edited by Vijay P. Singh, Pratap Singh, Umesh Kumar Haritashya

Published Dordrecht ; London : Springer, [2011] ©2011

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Description 1 online resource (xlii, 1253 pages) : illustrations (some color), maps (some color) Series The encyclopedia of earth sciences series Encyclopedia of earth sciences series (Springer (Firm)) Contents 978-90-481-2642-2_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf -- 01_Halftitle.PDF -- 02_Editors_in_Chief.PDF -- 03_Title_Page.PDF -- 04_Copyright.PDF -- 05_Dedication.PDF -- 06_TOC.PDF -- 07_Contributor_list.PDF -- 08_Preface.PDF -- 09_Acknowledgement.PDF -- 10_Guide_to_the_Reader.PDF -- Book.pdf -- A.pdf -- A -- Ablation Depression -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Geographical distribution -- Formation process -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Ablatometer -- Definition -- Bibliography -- Acidity of Glacier Ice -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Acidity of glacier ice -- Summary or conclusions -- Active Ice Wedge -- Definition -- Adfreeze -- Definition -- Aerial Photogrammetry for Glacial Monitoring -- Definition -- Introduction -- A brief history of photogrammetry -- Geometric principles for monitoring glaciers by photogrammetry -- Summary of the geometry of a single photo -- Analogue and digital cameras for glacier monitoring -- Essential concepts and applications in glacier monitoring -- Example of glacier-monitoring in South Central Alaska using oblique-convergent aerial photogrammetry as the survey method -- Study area -- Methods -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Alaskan Glaciers -- Definition -- Background -- Introduction -- Distribution and recent behavior of Alaskás glaciers -- Airborne and spaceborne measurements of changes in Alaskan glaciers -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Albedo -- Definition -- Introduction -- Definition of surface albedo -- Underlying principles -- Instruments and techniques -- Calibrations -- Observations of snow and ice surfaces -- Snow -- Additional uncertainties -- Impurities -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Alps -- Definition and introduction: the Alps and alpine climates -- The importance of the alpine cryosphere for natural and socioeconomic systems -- Changes in the alpine snowpack Behavior of alpine glaciers -- Mountain permafrost -- Summary and conclusions -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Altai-Sayan Glaciers -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Bibliography -- Anabatic Winds: In Relation with Snow/Glacier Basin -- Definition -- Anabatic winds: in relation with snow/glacier basin -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Anchor Ice -- Definition -- Andean Glaciers -- Definition -- Introduction -- Tropical Andean glaciers -- Glacier evolution over the past centuries and current extent -- Tropical Andean glacier mass and energy balance -- Tropical Andean glaciers, climate change, and water resources -- Extratropical Andean glaciers -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Anisotropic Ice Flow -- Definition -- Introduction -- Anisotropy of the ice crystal -- Deformation mechanisms -- Strain-induced fabrics and polycrystal anisotropy -- Effects of recrystallization processes on fabric -- How anisotropy influences ice flow -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Antarctica -- Definition -- Introduction -- Antarctic ice sheet -- Antarctic glaciers -- Antarctic ice shelf -- Antarctic icebergs -- Antarctic sea ice -- Antarctic ice cores and climate change -- Outlook -- Bibliography -- Anti-Icing -- Definition -- Anti-Syngenetic Ice Wedge -- Definition -- Appalachian Glacier Complex in Maritime Canada -- Definition -- Introduction -- Evidence that precludes the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the region -- Summary: Evolution of the Appalachian Glacier Complex during the last glaciation (Marine Isotope Stages 4-2 -- 75-12 ka BP) -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Arctic Hydroclimatology -- Synonyms -- Definition -- System components -- Natural variability and anticipated hydroclimate changes in a warmer world -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Artificial Ground Freezing -- Definition Artificial Production of Snow -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Introduction -- Short history of artificial snow -- Production of artificial snow -- Characteristics of artificial snow -- Chemical/mineral properties -- Climate change and artificial snow -- Environmental effects of artificial snow -- Meteorological -- Hydrological -- Water quality and health -- Ecological -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Atmosphere-Snow/Ice Interactions -- Definition -- Introduction -- Thermal interaction between the atmosphere and snow/ice -- Surface energy balance -- Radiative fluxes -- Turbulent surface fluxes -- Boreal forest -- Effects of snow/ice surfaces on atmospheric thermodynamics -- Dynamic interaction between atmosphere and snow/ice -- Orographic effects of ice/snow slopes on the atmospheric dynamics -- Frictional effects of snow/ice surfaces on the atmosphere -- Effects of wind on snow -- Effects of wind on sea ice -- Atmospheric moisture transport and its effects on precipitation in the Arctic and Antarctic -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Atmospheric Circulation and Glaciochemical Records -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Automated Glacier Mapping -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Historical background -- Spectral properties and available sensors -- Applied methods for glacier mapping -- Post-processing -- Applications -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- B.pdf -- B -- Basal Sediment Evacuation by Subglacial Drainage Systems -- Definition -- Introduction -- Controls on basal sediment entrainment and evacuation -- Essential concepts -- Importance of subglacial drainage system morphology -- Importance of basal sediment availability -- Short-term controls on basal sediment evacuation -- Feedbacks and significance for glacial erosion rates and sediment yields Areas of controversy and future research potential -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Base Flow/Groundwater Flow -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Introduction -- Groundwater flow and base flow in permafrost regions -- Snowmelt and groundwater flow or base flow -- Glacial melt and groundwater flow or base flow -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Bed (Bottom) Topography -- Bibliography -- Bed Forms (Fluvial) -- Bibliography -- Bed Roughness -- Bibliography -- Bed Strength -- Benchmark Glacier -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Benchmark glacier, reference glacier and glacier monitoring -- Distribution of benchmark glaciers and their representativeness for major mountain ranges -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Biogeochemistry of Sea Ice -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Introduction -- Freezing of seawater -- Sea ice biological and chemical interactions -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Blue Ice -- Definition -- Bibliography -- Bottom Melting or Undermelt (Ice Shelf) -- Bibliography -- Brash Ice -- C.pdf -- C -- Calving Glaciers -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Canadian Rockies and Coast Mountains of Canada -- Definition -- Introduction -- Mapping British Columbia and Alberta glaciers -- Links between climate and glaciers -- Glacier mass balance and frontal variations -- Historical glacier changes and links to climate -- Areal changes in ice cover during the past 3 decades -- Volume losses -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Cascade Mountains, USA -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Cascade System -- Definition -- Catastrophic Flooding -- Synonyms -- Definition -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Catastrophic Rock Slope Failures and Mountain Glaciers -- Definition -- Introduction -- Rockslide-rock avalanches -- Landslide-glacier interactions Significant processes and developments -- Glacier effects on rock-avalanche movement -- Effects of rock avalanches on glacier movement and supraglacial debris -- Effects of recent glacier retreat on slope stability -- Examples from western North America -- Pandemonium Creek -- Mount Munday -- Examples from the European Alps -- Brenva Glacier -- Examples from the Karakoram Himalaya -- Bualtar and Aling glaciers, central Karakoram -- Concluding remarks -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Catchment Glacier -- Definition -- Caucasus Mountains -- Bibliography -- Characteristics of Snow and Glacier Fed Rivers in Mountainous Regions with Special Reference to Himalayan Basins -- Definition -- Introduction -- Physical characteristics -- Discharge regimes -- Geomorphology -- Sediment transport and load -- Chemical characteristics -- Biological characteristics -- Glacier and Nival systems: variations downstream -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Chemical Composition of Snow, Ice, and Glaciers -- Incorporation of chemicals in snow/ice -- Inorganic species -- Organic species -- Release of chemicals from snow, ice, and glaciers -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Chemical and Microbe Records in Snow and Ice -- Definition -- Introduction -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Chemical Processes in Snow and Ice -- Introduction -- Photochemical processes in snow and ice -- The impact of the physical nature of snow and ice on chemistry -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Circulation and Mixing in Ice-Covered Lakes -- Definition -- Introduction -- River through-flow -- Oscillating currents induced by ice movement -- Currents induced by heat released from the sediments -- Convective solar radiation induced mixing -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Cross-references -- Cirque Glaciers -- Synonyms -- Definition Summary The earth's cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers and ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and frozen ground, contains about 75% of the earth's fresh water. It exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of the complex dynamics. This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides an up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by well-known international experts in individual fields. The encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation; transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties; classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of climate change. This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help better understand snow, ice and glaciers. This will also be an indispensable tool containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as well as to those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects Analysis fysische geografie physical geography klimaatverandering climatic change bosbedrijfsvoering forest management milieubeheer environmental management aardwetenschappen earth sciences hydrogeologie hydrogeology Geology (General) Geologie (algemeen) Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes Description based on print version record Subject Cryosphere -- Encyclopedias Environnement. Climat. Cryosphere Genre/Form encyclopedias. Encyclopedias Encyclopedias. Encyclopédies. Form Electronic book Author Singh, V. P. (Vijay P.) Singh, Pratap (Hydrologist) Haritashya, Umesh K ISBN 9789048126422 9048126428 9789048126439 9048126436

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