At the dawn of the last century, leading scientists and politicians giddily predicted that science especially Darwinian biology would supply solutions to all the intractable problems of American society, from crime to poverty to sexual maladjustment. Instead, politics and culture were dehumanized as scientific experts began treating human beings as little more than animals or machines. In criminal justice, these experts denied the existence of free will and proposed replacing punishment with invasive such as the lobotomy. In welfare, they proposed eliminating the poo
