The New Geopolitics of Peace Operations III: Non‑Traditional Security Challenges initiative was launched with support from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, co-sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia, and in continued partnership with the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES). This SIPRI Background Paper explores the terrorism and violent extremism-related challenges that multilateral peace operations face in their efforts to create and implement effective missions. SIPRI and FES organize five dialogue meetings, each on a different non-traditional security challenge and each preceded by a background paper that sets the baseline for the meeting