This program introduces methods of pain assessment and selected management options. Pain management options described include: Cognitive-behavioral interventions; systemic administration of opioid/N.S.A.I.D.; patient-controlled analgesia (P.C.A.); Spinal analgesia, local neural blockade; physical agents. Special considerations for pain management in elderly patients are described and discusses why the elderly are at risk for undertreatment of pain. The institution's responsibility in pain management is defined
