| Description |
1 online resource |
| Contents |
Intro -- NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Aut ... -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- About the editor -- Chapter 1: Emission formation in IC engines -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Emission standards -- 1.3. Exhaust pollutants from spark ignition engines -- 1.3.1. Regulated emissions -- 1.3.1.1. Hydrocarbon emissions -- 1.3.1.2. Carbon monoxide emissions -- 1.3.1.3. Oxides of nitrogen emissions -- 1.3.1.4. Sulfur and lead emissions -- 1.3.2. Unregulated emissions -- 1.3.2.1. Aldehydes and ketones -- 1.4. Exhaust pollutants from compression ignition engines -- 1.4.1. Regulated emissions -- 1.4.1.1. Hydrocarbons emissions -- 1.4.1.2. Particulate matter -- 1.4.1.3. Nitrogen oxides emissions -- 1.4.1.4. Carbon monoxide emissions -- 1.5. Environmental and health effects of engine emissions -- 1.5.1. Primary pollutants -- 1.5.2. Secondary pollutants -- 1.6. SI engine emission formation and its root cause -- 1.7. CI engine emission formation and its root cause -- 1.8. Concept of emission mitigation technologies for NOx emissions -- 1.8.1. Engine design and operation parameter-based NOx emission control -- 1.8.1.1. Alteration of injection timing -- 1.8.1.2. Technique of exhaust gas recirculation -- 1.8.1.3. Usage of alcohols -- 1.8.1.4. Alteration of injection pressure -- 1.8.2. After treatment-based NOx emission control -- 1.8.2.1. Three-way catalytic converter -- 1.8.2.2. Selective catalytic reduction -- 1.8.3. Other emission control techniques -- 1.8.3.1. Diesel particulate filter -- Active regeneration system -- Passive regeneration systems -- Continuously regenerating trap -- 1.9. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: NOx formation chemical kinetics in IC engines -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Chemical kinetic model of NO formation |
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2.3. Thermodynamic properties -- 2.4. Reaction mechanism -- 2.5. NOx formation in IC engines -- 2.6. Thermal NO formation -- 2.7. Prompt NO formation -- 2.8. NO production from fuel nitrogen -- 2.9. Mechanisms for the formation of NO -- 2.9.1. Zeldovich mechanism -- 2.9.2. Nitrous oxide mechanism -- 2.9.3. Fenimore mechanism -- 2.9.4. NNH mechanism -- 2.10. Uncontrolled NOx emission levels in IC engines -- 2.11. Factors influencing NOX emissions from IC engines -- 2.11.1. Engine design and operating parameters -- 2.11.2. Air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) and charging method -- 2.11.3. Ignition timing -- 2.11.4. Combustion chamber and valve design -- 2.11.5. Engine combustion cycle -- 2.11.6. Engine load and speed -- 2.12. Effects of alternative fuel (biodiesel) -- 2.12.1. Speed of sound -- 2.12.2. Isentropic bulk modulus -- 2.12.3. Radiative heat transfer -- 2.12.4. Adiabatic flame temperature -- 2.12.5. Combustion phasing -- 2.12.6. Engine control strategy -- 2.13. Ambient conditions -- 2.14. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: NOx and PM trade-off in IC engines -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Legislative norms aimed at controlling vehicular emissions -- 3.3. NOx reduction techniques in IC engines -- 3.3.1. Role of precombustion engine parameters and oxygenated fuels on NOx control -- 3.3.2. Postcombustion NOx emission control techniques in IC engines -- 3.4. Differences in PM emissions based on their nature and size -- 3.5. PM control techniques in IC engines -- 3.5.1. Precombustion factors influencing PM emission while operating on alternative fuels -- 3.5.2. Influence of postcombustion PM emission control techniques in IC engines -- 3.6. Trade-off relationship between NOx and PM emissions in IC engines -- 3.6.1. Improving NOx-PM trade-off in IC engines -- 3.6.2. Role of oxygenated additives and alternative fuels in NOx-PM trade-off |
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3.7. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and PM emissions -- 3.7.1. Combined influence of alternative fuels and NOx-PM control techniques -- 3.7.2. Limitations and challenges in simultaneous control of NOx-PM emissions -- 3.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Effect of engine design parameters in NOx reduction -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Role of engine design parameters on NOx emission -- 4.3. Effect of intake system design on NOx emissions -- 4.4. Effect of injection system design on NOx emissions -- 4.5. Design of combustion chamber -- 4.6. Effects of chamber geometry on NOx emission -- 4.7. Effects of chamber design parameters on NOx emissions -- 4.8. Effect of compression ratio on NOx emissions -- 4.9. Role of compression ratio in NOx mitigation for CI engines -- 4.10. Role of compression ratio in NOx mitigation for SI engines -- 4.11. Effect of valve timing and design on NOx emissions -- 4.12. Effect of thermal barrier coating on NOx emissions -- 4.13. Low-temperature combustion for NOx reduction -- 4.14. Overall engine design requirements and considerations for NOx mitigation -- 4.15. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Effect of engine operating parameters in NOx reduction -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Engine operating factors influencing NOx emissions in CI and SI engines -- 5.3. Effect of fuel injection parameters on NOx emissions in CI engines -- 5.3.1. Injection pressure -- 5.3.2. Injection timing -- 5.3.3. Injection duration -- 5.4. Effect of fuel ignition parameters on NOx emissions in SI engines -- 5.4.1. Spark timing -- 5.4.2. Spark intensity -- 5.4.3. Flame travel distance -- 5.5. Effect of air-fuel/equivalence ratio on NOx emissions -- 5.6. Effect of inlet conditions on NOx emissions -- 5.6.1. Variable valve actuation -- 5.6.2. Turbocharger -- 5.6.3. Inlet air temperature |
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5.7. Effect of inlet condition of fuel on engine NOx emissions -- 5.7.1. Dual fuel operation -- 5.7.2. Fumigation -- 5.8. Effect of coolant temperature on NOx emissions in CI and SI engines -- 5.9. Effect of engine speed on NOx emissions -- 5.10. Effect of engine load on NOx emissions -- 5.11. Comparison of different operating parameters -- 5.12. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Application of exhaust gas recirculation of NOx reduction in SI engines -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Different types of EGR set-up -- 6.3. Stratified form of EGR -- 6.4. Hot and cooled EGR -- 6.5. Correlation between knock and NOx emissions -- 6.6. EGR vs. NOx and soot emissions -- 6.6.1. Fuel/air ratio on NOx emissions -- 6.6.2. Effect of ignition timing on NOx emission -- 6.7. EGR in advanced SI engines -- 6.7.1. EGR in MPFI engines -- 6.7.2. EGR in GDI engines -- 6.7.3. EGR in lean-burn engines -- 6.8. EGR implementation in advanced SI engines -- 6.8.1. Turbocharged SI engine with EGR -- 6.8.2. Natural gas-powered SI engine with dedicated EGR -- 6.8.3. Hydrogen powered SI engine with dedicated EGR -- 6.9. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7: Application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction in CI engines -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Exhaust gas recirculation -- 7.3. Design configurations -- 7.4. EGR operating window and significance -- 7.5. EGR control strategies -- 7.5.1. Mechanical control -- 7.5.2. Electrical control -- 7.5.3. Electronic/microcomputer control -- 7.6. EGR implementation in conventional CI engines -- 7.6.1. Under steady state -- 7.6.2. Under transient state -- 7.7. EGR implementation in advanced combustion CI engines -- 7.7.1. HCCI -- 7.7.2. PPCCI and PCCI -- 7.7.3. RCCI -- 7.8. EGR implementation for alternate fueled engines -- 7.9. Effect of EGR on oil contamination, engine wear, and soot |
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7.10. EGR in conventional/advanced SI and CI engines-A comparison -- 7.11. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: NOx reduction in IC engines through after treatment catalytic converter -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Evolution of catalytic converter -- 8.2.1. First-generation catalytic converter -- 8.2.2. Second-generation catalytic converter -- 8.2.3. Modern catalytic converter -- 8.2.3.1. Three-way catalytic converter for SI engines -- 8.2.3.2. Three-way catalytic converter for CI engines -- Challenges in implementing three-way catalytic converters in CI engines -- 8.3. Design and fabrication of three-way catalytic converters -- 8.3.1. Heat capacity-catalytic surface area, cell density, wall thickness -- 8.3.1.1. Significance -- 8.3.2. Catalyst diameter -- 8.3.2.1. Significance -- 8.3.3. Flow distribution -- 8.3.3.1. Significance -- 8.3.4. Coating -- 8.3.4.1. Significance -- 8.3.5. Catalyst length -- 8.3.5.1. Significance -- 8.3.6. Fabrication of the three-way catalytic converter -- 8.4. Catalysts for NOx control -- 8.5. NOx reaction mechanism and chemical kinetics in three-way catalytic converter -- 8.6. Factors affecting performance of three-way catalytic converters -- 8.6.1. Thermal stability -- 8.6.2. Backpressure -- 8.6.3. Flow distribution -- 8.6.4. Conversion efficiency -- 8.6.5. Catalyst light-off temperature -- 8.6.6. Cold start emission -- 8.6.7. Lean burn emission -- 8.6.8. Durability analysis of catalytic converters -- 8.6.9. Control of engine air-fuel ratio with ECU -- 8.7. Recent developments in catalytic converters -- 8.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: NOx reduction in IC engines through adsorbing technique -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Active NOx adsorption or lean NOx trap (LNT) -- 9.2.1. LNT working characteristics -- 9.3. Influences of exhaust gas species, temperature, and hydrogen in LNT |
| Summary |
NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles presents the fundamental theory of emission formation, particularly the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and its chemical reactions and control techniques. The book provides a simplified framework for technical literature on NOx reduction strategies in IC engines, highlighting thermodynamics, combustion science, automotive emissions and environmental pollution control. Sections cover the toxicity and roots of emissions for both SI and CI engines and the formation of various emissions such as CO, SO2, HC, NOx, soot, and PM from internal combustion engines, along with various methods of NOx formation. Topics cover the combustion process, engine design parameters, and the application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction, making this book ideal for researchers and students in automotive, mechanical, mechatronics and chemical engineering students working in the field of emission control techniques |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Notes |
Online resource; title from digital title page (viewed on December 30, 2021) |
| Subject |
Internal combustion engines -- Pollution control devices
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Internal combustion engines -- Pollution control devices
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| Author |
Ashok, B., editor
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| ISBN |
0128242280 |
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9780128239551 |
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0128239557 |
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9780128242285 |
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