The Baltics, Russia, and other former Soviet Union countries (BRO) are typically large consumers of energy and four countries-Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan-are large producers of oil and gas. Given the recent decline in overall tax revenue in most BRO countries, the taxation of energy has become an important fiscal issue. The revenues from the oil and gas sector in 1996 were 2 percent of GDP in Kazakhstan and between 4 to 5 percent of GDP in Russia and Azerbaijan. Revenues from the gas sector in Turkmenistan were over 6 percent of GDP in 1996.4 These revenues are significantly lower than comparable figures from other oil and gas rich countries. Many have queried whether the sector is being taxed sufficiently while others have complained that it is overtaxed
Notes
"March 1998."
Bibliography
Includes bibliographical references (pages 76-78)
Notes
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