Whose heritage? - Whose culture? - Whose space? -- Urban history, community and architectural identity: 1786-1970 -- National development - policies and practice: 1957-2007 -- Penang state - development and conservation: 1957-1990 -- Contested space: 1990-2007: urban development or a world heritage site? -- Heritage, culture, and tourism: cultural identity and consumption of the historic inner city -- Case studies: conservation realities -- Conclusion