Table of Contents |
1. | The Attention Systems of the Human Brain | 1 |
1.1. | Spatial Selective Attention | 2 |
1.1.1. | Manual Response Time Paradigms | 3 |
1.1.2. | Anatomical Brain Structures and Networks of Spatial Attention | 4 |
1.1.3. | Spatial Attention and Visual Awareness | 8 |
1.1.4. | Attention and Visual Perception | 10 |
1.2. | Sustained Attention, Vigilance, Alertness, Arousal | 12 |
1.3. | Executive Control | 14 |
| References | 15 |
| Further Reading | 19 |
2. | Sensorimotor Deficits After Right Brain Damage | 21 |
2.1. | Hemiplegia, Hemianopia, and Hemianesthesia | 21 |
2.2. | Perceptual Extinction | 24 |
2.2.1. | Allesthesia | 25 |
2.2.2. | Mechanisms of Extinction | 25 |
2.2.3. | Attention and Extinction | 26 |
2.3. | Motor Neglect | 27 |
2.4. | Conjugate Gaze Paresis | 28 |
2.5. | "Magnetic" Gaze Attraction | 29 |
2.6. | Conclusion: Apparent Sensorimotor Deficits After Right Hemisphere Damage | 29 |
| References | 30 |
| Further Reading | 33 |
3. | Consequences of Right Hemisphere Lesions on Bodily Awareness and Control | 35 |
3.1. | Body-Related Cognition in the Right Hemisphere | 35 |
3.2. | Anosognosia and Anosodiaphoria | 37 |
3.3. | Misoplegia and Left Hemiconcern | 39 |
3.4. | Asomatognosia and Somatoparaphrenia | 41 |
3.5. | Supernumerary Phantom Limbs, Xenomelia, and Autoscopic Phenomena | 42 |
3.6. | Motor Impersistence | 45 |
| References | 45 |
| Further Reading | 47 |
4. | Unilateral Spatial Neglect: Clinical Aspects | 49 |
4.1. | Definition and Causes | 49 |
4.2. | Clinical Presentation | 50 |
4.3. | Diagnostic Tests: General Considerations | 53 |
4.4. | Visuo-perceptual Tests | 54 |
4.4.1. | Wundt-Jastrow Illusion | 54 |
4.4.2. | Overlapping Figures | 55 |
4.4.3. | Search for Images | 55 |
4.4.4. | Reading in Neglect | 56 |
4.5. | Visuo-graphic Tests | 57 |
4.5.1. | Drawing Tasks | 57 |
4.5.2. | Cancellation Tasks | 61 |
4.5.3. | Line Bisection | 65 |
4.6. | Representational (or Imaginal) Tasks | 68 |
4.6.1. | Relation with Visual Tasks | 71 |
4.7. | Other Spatial Sectors: "Near" and "Far" Neglect, Personal Neglect | 73 |
4.7.1. | Near vs. Far Space | 73 |
4.7.2. | Personal Neglect | 74 |
4.8. | Ecological Assessment of Neglect | 76 |
| References | 77 |
| Further Reading | 83 |
5. | Experimental Variants of Neglect Tests | 85 |
5.1. | Variants of Drawing Tasks: Blind Drawing | 85 |
5.2. | Variants of Cancellation Tasks | 88 |
5.2.1. | Erasing Targets | 88 |
5.2.2. | "Invisible" Cancellation Marks | 88 |
5.2.3. | Left-Right Asymmetric Targets | 89 |
5.3. | Variants of Line Bisection | 89 |
5.3.1. | The Landmark Task | 89 |
5.3.2. | Pseudoneglect and the Attentional Repulsion Effect | 90 |
5.3.3. | Bisecting Imagined Lines: The Endpoint Task | 91 |
5.3.4. | Length Reproduction and Estimation | 94 |
5.4. | Variants of Representational Tasks | 96 |
5.4.1. | Problems with Place Descriptions | 96 |
5.4.2. | Mental Line Bisection | 97 |
5.4.3. | Imaginal Response Times | 97 |
5.4.4. | REMs in Neglect | 99 |
5.5. | Dissociations in Performance Within and Between Patients | 100 |
| References | 101 |
| Further Reading | 104 |
6. | Component Deficits of Neglect | 105 |
6.1. | Spatial Attention | 106 |
6.1.1. | Early Ipsilesional Capture and the Disengagement Deficit | 106 |
6.1.2. | Ineffective Exploration and Implicit Knowledge | 109 |
6.1.3. | Neglect of Spatial Locations or of Objects in Space? | 110 |
6.1.4. | Object-Based Neglect | 112 |
6.1.5. | Neglect and Inhibition of Return | 114 |
6.1.6. | Neglect and Spontaneous Brain Activity | 116 |
6.1.7. | The Paradox of the Left Hemisphere | 117 |
6.2. | Nonspatial Attention Deficits: Impaired Alertness and Sustained Attention | 118 |
6.3. | Lateralized Premotor Deficits | 119 |
6.3.1. | Spatial Response Bias | 119 |
6.3.2. | Directional Hypokinesia | 120 |
6.4. | Spatially Nonlateralized Deficits | 123 |
6.4.1. | Impaired Spatial Working Memory | 123 |
6.4.2. | Constructional Apraxia | 124 |
6.5. | Imaginal Deficits | 125 |
6.6. | Impaired Processing of Time | 125 |
| References | 126 |
| Further Reading | 133 |
7. | The Anatomy of Neglect | 135 |
7.1. | Methodological Issues | 135 |
7.2. | Voxel-Based Lesion-Symptom Mapping (VLSM) | 138 |
7.3. | Frontoparietal Networks | 138 |
7.4. | Callosal Neglect | 143 |
7.5. | More Ventral Networks | 144 |
7.6. | Lesional Correlates of Specific Forms of Neglect | 145 |
| References | 146 |
| Further Reading | 149 |
8. | Attention Disorders in Neurodegenerative Conditions | 151 |
8.1. | Clinical and Neuroscientific Relevance | 151 |
8.2. | Occipitotemporal and Frontoparietal Systems in Degenerative Diseases | 152 |
8.3. | Spatial Attention in Degenerative Diseases | 153 |
8.4. | Control and Monitoring Deficits | 156 |
| References | 157 |
| Further Reading | 158 |
9. | Treatment of Attention Disorders | 159 |
9.1. | Top-Down Techniques | 159 |
9.2. | Bottom-Up Techniques | 160 |
9.2.1. | Vestibular Stimulation | 160 |
9.2.2. | Trunk Rotation | 162 |
9.2.3. | Mechanical and Electrical Transcutaneous Stimulations | 162 |
9.2.4. | Stimulation of the Left Hand | 163 |
9.2.5. | Alertness Training | 164 |
9.2.6. | Prism Adaptation | 165 |
9.3. | Noninvasive Brain Stimulation | 166 |
9.4. | Pharmacological Treatments | 167 |
9.4.1. | Dopaminergic Agents | 167 |
9.4.2. | Noradrenergic Agents | 168 |
9.4.3. | Cholinergic Agents | 168 |
| References | 169 |
| Further Reading | 172 |
| Conclusion and Perspectives | 173 |
| Subject Index | 175 |
| Author Index | 179 |