Title Wireless sensors in industrial time-critical environments / José Cecílio, Pedro Furtado

Published Cham : Springer, ©2014

Table of Contents
1.	Introduction					1
2.	Industrial Control Systems: Concepts, Components, and Architectures					7
2.1.	Industrial Networks					7
2.2.	Distributed Control Systems Applications					9
2.3.	Network Topologies					10
2.4.	Low-Level Transmission and Mediums					13
2.5.	Network Communication Components					14
2.6.	Control System Components					15
2.7.	Overall System Organization					16
	Reference					18
3.	Distributed Control System Operations					19
3.1.	System Components for Distributed Control Operation					21
3.2.	Human--Machine Interfaces, Diagnostics, and Maintenance					22
3.3.	Sensors and Actuators					23
3.4.	Process Monitoring and Controllers					24
	Reference					26
4.	Industrial Protocols and Planning Considerations					27
4.1.	The Fieldbus Standard					27
4.1.1.	Communication Stack					28
4.1.2.	Fieldbus Device Definition					31
4.1.3.	System Management Protocol					31
4.1.4.	Time Scheduling and Clocks					32
4.1.5.	Planning for Fieldbus Networks: Some Guidelines and Previous Work					32
4.2.	Fieldbus Followers					33
4.3.	Wireless Industrial Networks					35
4.4.	Basic Considerations on Planning with Wireless Sensor Subnetworks					38
	References					39
5.	Scheduling of Wireless Sensor Networks					41
5.1.	Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC)					41
5.1.1.	Contention-Based MAC Protocols					41
5.1.2.	Schedule-Based MAC Protocols					42
5.2.	Scheduling Mechanisms of TDMA Protocol					44
5.2.1.	TDMA Dimensioning					44
5.2.2.	Energy and Lifetime					46
5.2.3.	Start of Node Operation					46
5.3.	Brief Reference to Other Works on Wireless Sensor Network Scheduling					47
	References					49
6.	Latency Modeling for Distributed Control Systems with Wired and Wireless Sensors					51
6.1.	Monitoring Latency Model					51
6.1.1.	Wireless TDMA Plus Wired CSMA					53
6.1.2.	Token-Based End-to-End					54
6.1.3.	Wireless TDMA Plus Token-Based Wired					54
6.2.	Command Latency Model					54
6.3.	Adding Closed Loops to Latency Model					56
6.3.1.	Supervision Control Logic in the Gateway					57
6.3.2.	Supervision Control Logic in the Control Station					58
6.4.	Adding Non-real-Time Components					60
6.5.	Prediction Model for Maximum Latency					63
6.5.1.	Wireless TDMA Plus Wired CSMA					63
6.5.2.	Token-Based End-to-End					64
6.5.3.	Wireless TDMA Plus Token-Based Wired					65
6.5.4.	Command Latency Model					66
7.	Planning for Distributed Control Systems with Wired and Wireless Sensors					67
7.1.	User Inputs					67
7.2.	Overview of the Algorithm					70
7.3.	Determine the First Network Layout (Steps 1, 2, and 3)					72
7.4.	Determine Current Epoch Size (Step 4)					73
7.5.	Determine Maximum WSN Latencies (Step 5)					73
7.6.	Determine the Number of Downstream Slots (Steps 6 and 7)					74
7.7.	Number of Clock Synchronization Slots (Steps 8 and 9)					77
7.8.	Verify if Latency Requirements Are Met with the Current Epoch, Network Layout, and Schedule (Steps 10 and 11)					78
7.9.	Network Partitioning (Step 12)					78
7.10.	Determine the Maximum Epoch Size (Steps 13 and 14)					78
7.11.	Inactivity Period (Step 15)					79
7.12.	Network Communication Channel and Sampling Rate (Step 16)					80
7.13.	Lifetime Prediction					80
7.14.	Slot Size Considerations					82
	References					82
8.	Performance and Debugging					83
8.1.	Measures					84
8.1.1.	Latency					84
8.1.2.	Delay of Periodic Events					85
8.2.	Metrics					85
8.2.1.	Monitoring Latencies					85
8.2.2.	Monitoring Delays					86
8.2.3.	Closed-Loop Latency for Asynchronous or Event-Based Closed Loops					86
8.2.4.	Closed-Loop Latency for Synchronous or Periodic Closed Loops					87
8.2.5.	Closed-Loop Delays					87
8.3.	Metric Information for Analysis					88
8.3.1.	Bounds: Waiting, In-Time, Out-of-Time, Lost					88
8.3.2.	Messages and Packet Losses					90
8.3.3.	Statistics: Avg, Stdev, Max, Min, Percentile					90
8.4.	Addition of Debugging Modules to a Distributed Control System Architecture					91
8.5.	The Debugging Module					92
8.6.	The Performance Monitor Module and UI					93
9.	Application Scenario: An Industrial Case Study					99
9.1.	Application Scenario and Test Bed					100
9.2.	Planning of Monitoring Operations: Evaluation					102
9.2.1.	Applying TDMA-CSMA Protocols to the Setup					102
9.2.2.	Applying Formulas and Testing TDMA--CSMA Setup					103
9.2.3.	Applying Formulas and Testing for the Token-Based Setup					106
9.3.	Considering Event Occurrence Instant					108
9.4.	Planning with Network Splitting					109
9.5.	Planning of Closed-Loop Operation: Evaluation					110
9.6.	Adding Downstream Slots Equally Spaced in the Epoch					112
9.7.	Multiple Closed Loops					112
9.8.	Energy and Lifetime Issues					116
9.9.	Testing Bounds and the Performance Monitoring Tool					118
	References					122
	Appendices					123
	Index					129

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Description 1 online resource (xvii, 135 pages) : illustrations Series Computer communications and networks, 1617-7975 Computer communications and networks, 1617-7975 Contents Introduction -- Industrial Control Systems: Concepts, Components and Architectures -- Distributed Control System Operations -- Industrial Protocols and Planning Considerations -- Scheduling of Wireless Sensor Networks -- Latency Modeling for Distributed Control Systems with Wired and Wireless Sensors -- Planning for Distributed Control Systems with Wired and Wireless Sensors -- Performance and Debugging -- Application Scenario: An Industrial Case Study -- Network Configuration: Example -- Network Layout: Example -- Evaluation of Planning and Monitoring Approaches: Details Summary Modern industrial systems are often highly automated, with hundreds or even thousands of sensors and actuators monitoring the various processes, overseen by a distributed control system (DCS). Such control systems increasingly make use of wireless communications, yet these must still satisfy all safety-critical requirements. This unique text introduces the components, operations, industry protocols and standards of DCS, and shows how to include wireless technology in their design while guaranteeing the desired operation characteristics. The book not only discusses the theory, but also presents insights and results gained from extensive practical experience in implementing and testing systems within a specific industrial setting. Topics and features: Reviews the concepts, components and architectures supporting DCS Examines the operations that the DCS implements, covering human-machine interfaces, diagnostics and maintenance interfaces, and controllers Discusses industrial control system and wireless network protocols Reviews scheduling in wireless sensor networks Describes a latency model for heterogeneous DCS with wired and wireless parts, that predicts monitoring latencies, command latencies and closed loop latencies Explains how to plan operation timings systematically Introduces measures and metrics for performance monitoring and debugging, and describes how to add performance monitoring and debugging to a system Presents experimental results to validate the planning approach, based on an application test-bed This practical guide for real-world implementation will be of considerable interest to a wide audience, from professional engineers to researchers and students. It is suitable as a supporting text for courses covering industrial systems, networks, real-time systems, wireless sensor networks or embedded systems Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes English In Springer eBooks Subject Wireless sensor networks. Computer science. Electronic Data Processing COMPUTERS -- Computer Literacy. COMPUTERS -- Computer Science. COMPUTERS -- Data Processing. COMPUTERS -- Hardware -- General. COMPUTERS -- Information Technology. COMPUTERS -- Machine Theory. COMPUTERS -- Reference. Computer science Wireless sensor networks Form Electronic book Author Furtado, Pedro Nuno San-Banto, 1968- ISBN 9783319028897 3319028898 331902888X 9783319028880

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