| Description |
1 online resource (xvii, 361 pages) : illustrations (some color) |
| Contents |
Machine generated contents note: 1. Embryology of the Cranial Circulation -- Preamble -- 1.1. Definitions of Terms Used in Embryology -- 1.1.1. General Concepts in Vessel Development -- 1.2. Development of the Cranial Arteries -- 1.2.1. Precaudal Stage -- 1.2.2. Choroidal Stage -- 1.2.3. Branchial Stage -- 1.2.4. Development of the Primitive Internal Carotid Artery and Cerebral Blood Supply -- 1.2.5. Variants to the Adult Pattern of the Carotid System -- 1.2.6. Role of the Stapedial Artery -- 1.2.7. Development of the Ophthalmic Artery -- 1.2.8. Cavernous Sinus Region -- 1.2.9. Inner and Middle Ear Arteries and Their Variants -- 1.2.10. Vertebrobasilar and Caroticobasilar Persistences -- 1.3. Development of Cerebral Veins -- 1.3.1. Dural Sinuses -- 1.3.2. Deep Veins -- References -- Suggested Readings -- 2. Cranial Arterial Anatomy -- Preamble -- ̂ Cerebral Arterial Blood Supply -- 2.1. Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) -- 2.1.1. ICA Cervical Portion -- 2.1.2. ICA Petrous Portion -- 2.1.3. ICA Cavernous Portion -- 2.1.4. ICA Intradural Portion -- 2.2. Terminal Branches of the Internal Carotid Artery -- 2.2.1. Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) -- 2.2.2. Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) -- 2.3. Vertebrobasilar System -- 2.3.1. Vertebral Artery (VA) -- 2.3.2. Basilar Artery (BA) -- 2.3.3. Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) -- 2.4. External Carotid Artery (ECA) -- 2.4.1. Superior Thyroid Artery -- 2.4.2. Lingual Artery -- 2.4.3. Ascending Pharyngeal Artery (APA) -- 2.4.4. Facial Artery (FA) -- 2.4.5. Occipital Artery (OA) -- 2.5. Terminal Branches of the External Carotid Artery -- 2.5.1. Superficial Temporal Artery (STA) -- 2.5.2. Internal Maxillary Artery (IMA) -- References -- Suggested Readings -- 3. Cranial Venous Anatomy -- ̂ Preamble -- 3.1. Extracranial Veins -- 3.1.1. Scalp Veins -- 3.1.2. Veins of the Face and Neck |
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Note continued: 3.2. Intracranial Veins -- 3.2.1. Diploic Veins -- 3.2.2. Emissary Veins -- 3.2.3. Meningeal Veins -- 3.2.4. Dural Sinuses -- 3.3. Cerebral Veins -- 3.3.1. Supratentorial Superficial (Cortical) Veins -- 3.3.2. Supratentorial Deep Veins -- 3.3.3. Veins of the Posterior Fossa -- Suggested Readings -- 4. Spinal Vascular Anatomy -- Preamble -- 4.1. Embryology of Spinal Arteries -- 4.1.1. Primitive Segmental Arteries -- 4.1.2. Vasa Corona and Longitudinal Neural Arteries -- 4.1.3. Formation of the Anterior Spinal Artery, Desegmentation and Multimetameric Arteries -- 4.1.4. Development of Craniocervical Arteries -- 4.2. Spinal Arteries -- 4.2.1. Basic Adult Pattern of Extradural Arteries -- 4.3. Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord -- 4.3.1. Radicular Arteries -- 4.3.2. Radiculopial Arteries -- 4.3.3. Radiculomedullary Arteries -- 4.3.4. Anterior Spinal Artery (ASA) -- 4.4. Intrinsic Arteries of the Spinal Cord -- 4.4.1. Sulcal Arteries -- 4.4.2. Radial Perforators -- 4.5. Extradural Spinal Multimetameric Spinal Arteries -- 4.5.1. Arteries Supplying the Cervical Spine -- 4.5.2. Arteries Supplying the Thoracic Spine -- 4.5.3. Arteries Supplying the Lumbar Spine -- 4.5.4. Arteries Supplying the Sacral Spine -- 4.6. Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord -- 4.6.1. Veins of the Spinal Cord -- 4.6.2. Epidural Venous Plexus (Internal Vertebral Plexus) -- 4.6.3. External Vertebral Plexus -- References -- Suggested Readings -- 5. Control of Cerebral Blood Flow -- Preamble -- 5.1. Cerebral Intolerance of Hypoperfusion -- 5.1.1. Cerebral Protection of Blood Flow -- 5.1.2. Vascular Resistance -- 5.2. Blood-Brain Barrier -- 5.2.1. Other Distinguishing Physiological Responses of Cerebral Vessels -- 5.3. Autoregulation -- 5.3.1. Myogenic Response -- 5.3.2. Metabolic Responses -- 5.4. Neurogenic Influences |
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Note continued: 5.4.1. Sympathetic Innervation -- 5.4.2. Parasympathetic Innervation -- 5.4.3. Sensory Innervation -- 5.4.4. Pericytes -- 5.5. Ascending Vasodilation and Limiting Intracerebral Steal -- 5.6. Posture and Its Effects on Cerebral Blood Flow -- 5.7. Results Depend upon the Experimental Technique Used -- 5.8. Summary of Cerebral Blood Flow Control -- References -- 6. Control of Intravascular Thrombosis -- Preamble -- 6.1. Blood Coagulation -- 6.2. Anticoagulation Therapy -- 6.2.1. Warfarin -- 6.2.2. Heparin -- 6.2.3. Practical Aspects of Anticoagulation -- 6.2.4. Thrombophilia -- 6.2.5. Complications of Anticoagulation -- 6.3. Antiplatelet Therapy -- 6.3.1. Aspirin -- 6.3.2. Thienopyridine Agents -- 6.3.3. Clopidogrel -- 6.3.4. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Inhibitors -- 6.4. Thrombolytic Therapy -- 6.4.1. Myocardial Infarction -- 6.4.2. Pulmonary Embolus -- 6.4.3. Treatment of Thrombosis of Peripheral Arteries -- 6.4.4. Deep Vein Thrombosis -- 6.4.5. Complications of Thrombolytic Therapy -- 6.4.6. Reversal of Fibrinolysis -- 6.5. Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism -- 7. Cranial Anastomoses and Dangerous Vascular Connections -- Preamble -- 7.1. Anastomoses Between Superficial Anterior Branches of the ECA -- 7.1.1. Anastomotic Zones of the Face and Pharynx -- 7.2. Anastomoses Between Deep Anterior Branches of the ECA -- 7.2.1. Anastomotic Zones of the Skull Base -- 7.3. Anastomoses Between Posterior Branches of the External Carotid Artery -- 7.3.1. Anastomotic Zones of the Craniocervical Junction and Posterior Cranium -- 7.4. Arterial Supply to the Cranial Nerves -- References -- Suggested Readings -- 8. Arterial Aneurysms -- 8.1. Arterial Aneurysms: Part 1 -- Preamble -- 8.1.1. History of Intracranial Aneurysms -- 8.1.2. Definitions of Intracranial Aneurysms -- 8.1.3. Aetiology |
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Note continued: 8.1.4. Pathology of Intracranial Aneurysms -- 8.1.5. Epidemiology of Intracranial Aneurysms -- 8.1.6. Factors Identified as Increasing the Risk of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage -- 8.1.7. Screening for Intracranial Aneurysms -- 8.2. Arterial Aneurysms: Part 2 -- Preamble -- 8.2.1. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage -- 8.2.2. Endovascular Treatments of Intracranial Aneurysms -- References -- 9. Vascular Malformations of the Brain -- 9.1. Vascular Malformations of the Brain: Part 1 -- Preamble -- 9.1.1. Definitions of Arteriovenous Malformations -- 9.1.2. Classifications of Cerebral Vascular Malformations -- 9.1.3. Capillary Telangiectasia -- 9.1.4. Venous Angioma -- 9.1.5. Cavernous Malformations -- 9.1.6. Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (BAVM) -- 9.2. Arteriovenous Malformations of the Brain: Part 2 -- Preamble -- 9.2.1. Prognosis and Risk of Haemorrhage -- 9.2.2. Angioarchitecture -- 9.2.3. Treatments -- References -- 10. Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas -- Preamble -- 10.1. Definition -- 10.1.1. History -- 10.1.2. Aetiology -- 10.1.3. Epidemiology and Demographics -- 10.1.4. Pathology -- 10.2. Clinical Consequences -- 10.2.1. Classifications -- 10.2.2. Locations and Clinical Presentations -- 10.2.3. Risks of Haemorrhage -- 10.2.4. Imaging -- 10.3. Management -- 10.3.1. Indications for Treatment -- 10.3.2. Aims of Treatment -- 10.3.3. Treatment -- 10.4. Treatment Results -- 10.4.1. Endovascular Treatment Results -- References -- 11. Endovascular Management of Carotid Cavernous Fistulas -- Preamble -- 11.1. Definition -- 11.1.1. Aetiology -- 11.1.2. Anatomy of the Cavernous Sinus -- 11.2. Diagnosis -- 11.2.1. Clinical Symptoms and Signs -- 11.2.2. Imaging Diagnosis -- 11.3. Treatment -- 11.3.1. Aims of Treatment -- 11.3.2. Risks and Benefits of Balloon Embolisation |
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Note continued: 11.3.3. Preprocedure Assessment -- 11.3.4. Endovascular Treatments -- References -- 12. Vein of Galen and Non-Galenic Cerebral Arteriovenous Fistulas -- Preamble -- 12.1. Arteriovenous Fistulas Involving the Vein of Galen -- 12.1.1. History of the Definition of the Vein of Galen Malformation -- 12.1.2. Embryology -- 12.1.3. Early Descriptions of the Vein of Galen Malformation -- 12.1.4. Current Descriptions of the Vein of Galen Malformation -- 12.1.5. Distinguishing Features of Choroidal and Mural Types of VOGMs -- 12.2. Presentation of Arteriovenous Fistulas in Neonates and Children -- 12.2.1. Pathology of Vein of Galen Malformation -- 12.2.2. Incidence/Epidemiology/Natural History -- 12.2.3. Imaging Assessments -- 12.2.4. Endovascular Treatment -- 12.2.5. Other Interventions for Vein of Galen Malformations -- 12.2.6. Outcomes of Interventions -- 12.3. Non-Galenic Arteriovenous Fistulas -- 12.3.1. Epidemiology -- 12.3.2. Clinical Presentations -- 12.3.3. Imaging -- 12.3.4. Treatments -- References -- 13. Vascular Malformations of the Spinal Cord -- Preamble -- 13.1. History -- 13.2. Spinal Vascular Malformations -- 13.2.1. Symptoms and Modes of Presentation -- 13.2.2. Classifications -- 13.3. Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas (DAVFs) -- 13.3.1. Aetiology and Pathophysiology -- 13.3.2. Presentation -- 13.3.3. Imaging -- 13.3.4. Endovascular Treatment -- 13.3.5. Treatment Results and Complications -- 13.4. Intradural Perimedullary Fistulas -- 13.4.1. Aetiology and Pathophysiology -- 13.4.2. Presentation and Natural History -- 13.4.3. Endovascular Treatment -- 13.4.4. Treatment Results and Complications -- 13.5. Intramedullary Arteriovenous Malformations -- 13.5.1. Aetiology and Pathophysiology -- 13.5.2. Clinical Features and Natural History -- 13.5.3. Imaging -- 13.5.4. Treatment Results and Complications |
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Note continued: 13.6. Spinal Aneurysms -- 13.7. Metameric Syndromes -- 13.8. Cavernous Malformations -- References -- 14. Head and Neck Vascular Lesions -- Preamble -- 14.1. Classification of Vascular Tumours of the Head and Neck in Children -- 14.1.1. General Principles of Management of the Infant/Child with a Vascular Malformation -- 14.1.2. Assessment Prior to Treatment of Haemangiomas and Vascular Malformations -- 14.2. Haemangiomas -- 14.2.1. Infantile Haemangiomas -- 14.2.2. Adult Haemangiomas -- 14.2.3. Management -- 14.3. Vascular Malformations -- 14.3.1. Clinical Features -- 14.3.2. Types of Vascular Malformations -- 14.4. Other Extracranial Tumours in the Head and Neck Amenable to Embolisation -- 14.4.1. Cervical Paragangliomas -- 14.4.2. Thyroid Gland Tumours -- 14.4.3. Other Craniofacial Tumours -- References -- 15. Embolisation of Intracranial and Skull Base Tumours -- Preamble -- 15.1. Protocol for Embolisation of Intracranial and Skull Base Tumours -- 15.1.1. Indications for Embolisation -- 15.1.2. Aims of Embolisation -- 15.1.3. Risks and Benefits -- 15.1.4. Preprocedure Assessment -- 15.1.5. Procedure Technique -- 15.1.6. Postembolisation Care -- 15.2. Meningioma -- 15.2.1. Epidemiology -- 15.2.2. Pathology -- 15.2.3. Histological Grading -- 15.2.4. Clinical Presentation -- 15.2.5. Indications for Endovascular Treatment -- 15.2.6. Aims of Treatment -- 15.2.7. Risks and Benefits of Treatment -- 15.2.8. Preprocedure Assessment -- 15.2.9. Embolisation Technique -- 15.3. Juvenile Angiofibroma (JAF) -- 15.3.1. Demography, Epidemiology and Aetiology -- 15.3.2. Pathology -- 15.3.3. Clinical Presentation -- 15.3.4. Indications for Endovascular Treatment -- 15.3.5. Aims of Embolisation -- 15.3.6. Preprocedure Assessment -- 15.3.7. Embolisation Technique -- 15.4. Paragangliomas |
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Note continued: 15.4.1. Demography, Epidemiology and Aetiology -- 15.4.2. Pathology -- 15.4.3. Natural History -- 15.4.4. Clinical Presentation -- 15.4.5. Indications for Endovascular Treatment -- 15.4.6. Aims of Embolisation -- 15.4.7. Risks and Benefits of Treatment -- 15.4.8. Preprocedure Assessment -- 15.4.9. Embolisation Technique -- 15.4.10. Follow-up -- 15.5. Other Cranial Tumours -- References -- 16. Embolisation for Epistaxis -- Preamble -- 16.1. Epistaxis -- 16.1.1. Anterior Epistaxis -- 16.1.2. Posterior Epistaxis -- 16.2. Causes of Epistaxis -- 16.2.1. Vascular Anatomy -- 16.2.2. Indications for Embolisation -- 16.2.3. Pretreatment Assessment -- 16.3. Endovascular Technique -- 16.3.1. Preliminary Angiography -- 16.3.2. IMA Embolisation -- 16.3.3. Embolisation in Additional Pedicles -- 16.3.4. Following Embolisation -- 16.4. Alternative Embolisation Techniques -- 16.5. Complications of Embolisation -- 16.6. Outcomes -- 16.6.1. Comparisons of Outcomes After Endovascular Treatment (Embolisation) or Surgical Treatment (Ligation) -- References -- 17. Re-establishing Blood Flow After Intravascular Thrombosis -- Preamble -- 17.1. Basis of Intravascular Thrombosis -- 17.1.1. Therapeutic Thrombolysis -- 17.1.2. Thrombolytic Agents -- 17.2. Indications for Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy -- 17.2.1. Interventions for Acute Ischaemic Stroke -- 17.3. Selection of Patients for Thrombolysis or Endovascular Interventions -- 17.4. Complication of Endovascular Interventions for Arterial Thrombosis -- 17.4.1. Contraindication to Thrombolysis -- 17.5. Thrombolysis for Central Retinal Artery Thrombosis -- 17.5.1. Indications for Thrombolysis -- 17.5.2. Technique for Central Retinal Artery Thrombolysis -- 17.6. Results -- 17.7. Thrombolysis for Dural Sinus Thrombosis -- 17.7.1. Presentation -- 17.7.2. Imaging |
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Note continued: 17.7.3. Treatment -- 17.7.4. Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy -- 17.7.5. Outcomes -- 17.8. Improved Thrombolytic Drugs -- References -- 18. Embolic Agents -- Preamble -- 18.1. General Principles of Embolic Agents -- 18.1.1. How Does One Choose the Right Embolic Agent? -- 18.2. Classification of Embolic Agents -- 18.2.1. Absorbable Materials -- 18.2.2. Nonabsorbable Agents -- 18.2.3. Particles -- 18.3. Coils -- 18.3.1. Nonrecovery, Uncontrolled Release Coils -- 18.3.2. Controlled Detachment Coils -- 18.3.3. Coated Coils -- 18.3.4. Liquid Coils -- 18.4. Balloons -- 18.4.1. Detachable Balloons -- 18.4.2. Nondetachable Balloons -- 18.5. Liquid Embolic Agents -- 18.5.1. Quick Setting Liquids -- 18.5.2. Sclerosants and Other Liquid Agents -- 18.6. Stents and Flow Diverters -- References -- 19. Angioplasty and Stenting for Cranial Vessel Stenosis -- Preamble -- 19.1. Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) -- 19.2. Pathological Basis of Angioplasty -- 19.3. Endovascular Treatment of Extracranial Carotid Stenosis -- 19.3.1. Natural History of Carotid Artery Stenosis -- 19.3.2. Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA) for Extracranial Carotid Stenosis -- 19.3.3. Stenting and Angioplasty for Extracranial Carotid Stenosis -- 19.4. Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Artery Stenosis -- 19.4.1. Natural History of Intracranial Stenosis -- 19.4.2. Vertebrobasilar Stenosis -- 19.4.3. Classification and Techniques of Endovascular Treatments for Intracranial Artery Stenosis -- 19.4.4. Results of Endovascular Treatments for Intracranial Stenosis -- 19.5. Angioplasty for Vasospasm -- 19.5.1. Symptomatic Postsubarachnoid Haemorrhage Vasospasm -- 19.5.2. Timing of Angioplasty -- 19.5.3. Indications -- 19.5.4. Imaging -- 19.5.5. Endovascular Treatment Techniques -- 19.5.6. Results of Angioplasty -- 19.5.7. Complications |
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Note continued: 19.5.8. Postprocedure Management -- References -- 20. Embolisation, Vertebroplasty and Chemonucleolysis of Spinal Lesions -- Preamble -- 20.1. Embolisation for Vertebral Tumours -- 20.1.1. Vertebral Haemangioma -- 20.1.2. Aneurysmal Bone Cysts -- 20.1.3. Other Spinal Tumours Treated by Embolisation -- 20.1.4. Malignant Tumours -- 20.2. Vertebroplasty -- 20.2.1. Indications for Vertebroplasty -- 20.2.2. Pretreatment Assessment -- 20.2.3. Technique -- 20.2.4. Complications -- 20.2.5. Postprocedure Care -- 20.2.6. Results -- 20.3. Chemonucleolysis for Lumbar Disc Disease -- 20.3.1. Principle of Chemonucleolysis -- 20.3.2. Agents Used for Disc Chemonucleolysis -- 20.3.3. Indications for Chemonucleolysis -- 20.3.4. Pretreatment Assessment -- 20.3.5. Technique -- 20.3.6. Complications -- 20.3.7. Postprocedure Care -- 20.3.8. Results -- 20.4. Other Percutaneous Treatments for Disc Disease -- References -- 21. Complications -- Preamble -- 21.1. Generic and Specific Complications -- 21.1.1. Severity of Complications -- 21.2. Complications Caused by Catheter Angiography -- 21.2.1. Complications at the Puncture Site -- 21.2.2. Complications Caused by Catheters and Guidewire -- 21.2.3. Reactions to Radiographic Contrast Medium and Periprocedural Drugs -- 21.2.4. Radiation-Induced Skin Damage -- 21.2.5. Benchmark Levels for Complications Related to Angiography -- 21.3. Complications Specific to Endovascular Treatment of Specific Conditions -- 21.3.1. Aneurysms -- 21.3.2. Arteriovenous Malformations and Arteriovenous Fistulas -- 21.3.3. Angioplasty and Stenting -- 21.3.4. Embolisation for Tumours -- 21.3.5. Functional Testing and Large Artery Occlusion -- References -- 22. Obtaining the Patient's Consent -- Preamble -- 22.1. Legal Principles of Consent to a Medical Procedure -- 22.1.1. Duty of Care |
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Note continued: 22.1.2. Level of Risk -- 22.1.3. Competency -- 22.2. Informed Consent -- 22.3. Informed Consent Process Under Ordinary Circumstances -- 22.4. Situations in Which Obtaining Informed Consent Is Impossible or When Patients Are Judged Incompetent -- References |
| Summary |
Annotation This book aims to provide the trainee and practicing minimally invasive neurological therapist with a comprehensive understanding of the background science and theory that forms the foundation of their work. The contents are based on the tutorial teaching techniques used at the University of Oxford and are authored by the MSc Course Director. The tutorial is a learning episode focussed on a particular topic and intended to guide the student/reader through the background literature, to highlight the research on which standard practices are based and to provide the insights of an experienced practitioner. Each chapter of the book covers a different topic to build a complete review of the subspecialty, with in-depth discussion of all currently used techniques. The literature is reviewed and presented in context to illustrate its importance to the practice of this rapidly expanding field of medical treatment |
| Analysis |
Medicine |
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Radiology, Medical |
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Neurology |
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Neurosurgery |
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Endoscopic surgery |
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Medicine & Public Health |
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Neuroradiology |
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Minimally Invasive Surgery |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Subject |
Nervous system -- Surgery.
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Blood-vessels -- Endoscopic surgery.
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Nervous system -- Radiography.
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Radiography.
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Cerebrovascular Disorders -- surgery
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Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations -- surgery
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Cerebrovascular Disorders -- diagnostic imaging
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Endovascular Procedures -- methods
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Neuroradiography -- methods
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Neurosurgical Procedures -- methods
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Radiography
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Neurosurgical Procedures
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Neurosurgery
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radiographs.
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radiography.
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MEDICAL -- Surgery -- Neurosurgery.
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Médecine.
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Radiography
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Blood-vessels -- Endoscopic surgery
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Nervous system -- Radiography
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Nervous system -- Surgery
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| ISBN |
9783642191541 |
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3642191541 |
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3642191533 |
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9783642191534 |
