Common clinical encounters : do we really know them? -- The cochlea and outer hair cell damage -- Inner hair cell damage, traveling wave envelopes, and cochlear dead regions -- Early hearing aid fitting methods : why so many? -- Verification with real ear measures : yesterday and today -- Compression and the DSL and NAL fitting methods -- Compression in analog hearing aids : historical development -- Compression and other features in digital hearing aids -- Clinical benefits of directional microphones versus digital noise reduction -- Adaptive dynamic range optimization : an alternative to WDRC