Title Surface modification of biopolymers / edited by Vijay Kumar Thakur, Amar Singh Singha

Edition 1 Published Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2015]

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Description 1 online resource Contents Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Surface Modification of Biopolymers: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Structures of Some Commercially Important Biopolymers -- 1.2.1 Natural Fibers -- 1.2.2 Chitosan -- 1.2.3 Agar -- 1.4 Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoates) -- 1.5 Starch -- References -- Chapter 2 Surface Modification of Chitosan and its Implications in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery -- 2.1 Introduction: Biomaterials -- 2.1.1 Biomaterials: Evolution and Properties -- 2.2 Chitosan as Biomaterial: Structure-Property-Function Relationship -- 2.3 Chemical Modification of CS: An Overview -- 2.3.1 Graft Copolymerization with CS -- 2.3.2 Grafting onto CS -- 2.3.3 Chitosan Derivatives -- 2.4 Summary and Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Agar-Based Graft Copolymers: Analytical Evidences, Biomedical and Environmental Applications -- 3.1 Agar: The Polysaccharide -- 3.2 Graft Copolymerization -- 3.3 Synthesis Techniques of Grafting -- 3.3.1 Grafting Initiated by Chemical/Conventional Means -- 3.3.2 Grafting Initiated by Radiation-Induced Technique -- 3.3.3 Synthesis of the Graft Copolymers by Conventional Method (Using CAN as the Free Radical Initiator) -- 3.3.4 Synthesis of the Graft Copolymers by Microwave-Initiated Method -- 3.3.5 Synthesis of the Graft Copolymers by Microwave-Assisted Method -- 3.3.6 Interpretation for Using Hydroquinone as an Inhibitor -- 3.3.7 Purification of the Graft Copolymer by the Solvent Extraction Method -- 3.4 Analytical Evidence for the Synthesized Grafted Agar Products -- 3.4.1 Intrinsic Viscosity Measurement -- 3.4.2 Determination of Number Average Molecular Weight by Osmometry -- 3.4.3 FTIR Spectroscopy -- 3.4.4 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer -- 3.4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 3.4.6 Elemental Analysis 3.4.7 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis -- 3.5 Application -- 3.5.1 Flocculent for Water Treatment -- 3.5.2 Heavy Metal Remediation -- 3.6 Matrix for Controlled Drug Release -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 Adaptation of Biopolymers to Specific Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biopolymers in Controlled Drug Release -- 4.3 Biopolymers in Packaging -- 4.4 Biopolymers in Affinity Chromatography -- 4.5 Biopolymers in Biosensors -- 4.5.1 Biopolymers as Biocompatible Environment and Functional Matrices in Biosensors -- 4.5.2 Biopolymers as Biorecognition Elements in Biosensors -- References -- Chapter 5 Modifications of Lignocellulose Fibers and its Application in Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Lignocellulosic Adsorbents -- 5.2.1 Lignin -- 5.2.2 Cellulose -- 5.3 Modifications Reactions: New Adsorbents from Lignocellulosic Residues -- 5.3.1 Pretreatment -- 5.3.2 Halogenations -- 5.3.3 Esterification -- 5.3.4 Amination -- 5.3.5 Etherification -- 5.3.6 Oxidation -- 5.4 Other Types of Modification -- 5.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Tailoring Surface Properties of Degradable Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoates) for Biological Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Surface Pretreatment Methods -- 6.2.1 Ozone Treatment -- 6.2.2 Plasma Treatment -- 6.2.3 Alkali Treatment -- 6.3 Polymer Grafting Methods -- 6.3.1 Polymer Grafting With Pretreatment Methods -- 6.3.2 Radiation-induced Direct Polymer Grafting -- 6.3.3 Thermo-initiated Polymer Grafting -- 6.3.4 Photo-initiated Polymer Grafting -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Physically and Chemically Modified Starches in Food and Non-Food Industries -- References -- Chapter 8 Polymer Modifications and Recent Technological Advances Toward Live Cell Encapsulation and Delivery -- 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Encapsulated Cells and Derived Products -- 8.3 Mechanisms of Cell Encapsulation -- 8.3.1 Polyelectrolyte-Based Complexation -- 8.3.2 Thermal Gelation -- 8.3.3 Self Assembly: Materials/Cells/Cells and Materials -- 8.3.4 Electrostatic Spraying -- 8.3.5 Photocrosslinking Technique -- 8.4 Limitations of Hydrogels-Based Cell Encapsulation -- 8.5 AM-Based Cell Encapsulation Techniques -- 8.5.1 Optical-Based AM Techniques -- 8.5.2 Mechanical-Based AM Techniques -- 8.6 Direct Writing -- 8.7 Hybrid Process -- 8.8 Organ Printing -- 8.9 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 9 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers for Reinforcement in Polymeric Composites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Surface Modification Methods -- 9.2.1 Surface Modification by Physical Methods -- 9.2.2 Effect of Physical Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites -- 9.2.3 Surface Modification by Chemical Methods -- 9.2.4 Effect of Chemical Treatment on Mechanical Properties of NFRCs -- 9.2.5 Surface Modification by Biological Methods -- 9.2.6 Effect of Biological Treatment on Mechanical Properties of a NFRC -- 9.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Surface Electroconductive Modification of Biopolymers -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Electrical Conductivity -- 10.1.2 Electroconductive Polymers -- 10.1.3 Common Electroconductive Polymers -- 10.1.4 Disadvantages of ECPs -- 10.1.5 Biopolymers -- 10.2 Electroconductive Modification Methods -- 10.2.1 Bulk or Surface Modification of Biopolymers -- 10.2.2 Surface Modification of Biopolymers -- 10.3 Market for Electroconductive Polymers -- 10.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11 Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals for Nanocomposites -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Surface Physical Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 11.2.1 Physical Attachment of Homopolymer 11.2.2 Coating of Amphiphilic Compounds -- 11.2.3 Physical Pre-Encapsulation with Polymer -- 11.3 Surface Chemical Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals -- 11.3.1 TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation -- 11.3.2 Conjugation of Small Molecules -- 11.3.3 Polymer Grafting Based on "Graft Onto" Strategy -- 11.3.4 Polymer Grafting Based on "Graft From" Strategy -- 11.4 Effects of Surface Modification on Nanocomposite Processing -- 11.4.1 Effects of Surface Modification on Solution-Blending System -- 11.4.2 Effects of Surface Modification on Thermoprocessing Systems -- 11.5 Effects of Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites -- 11.5.1 Improving Interfacial Interaction and Mechanical Properties by Surface Modification -- 11.5.2 Co-Continuous Structure Mediated with Surface-Grafted Polymer Chains -- 11.5.3 Effects of Structural Changes in Polymer Matrix on Mechanical Properties -- 11.6 Conclusion and Prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 12 Biopolymer-Based Stimuli-Sensitive Functionalized Graft Copolymers as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Materials -- 12.2.2 Preparation of the Drug Carriers -- 12.2.3 Instruments and Methods of Characterization -- 12.2.4 Experimental Methods -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Development of DDS and Their Characteristics -- 12.3.2 Characterization -- 12.3.3 Swelling Characteristics -- 12.3.4 Drug Loading Efficiency -- 12.3.5 Drug Encapsulation Efficiency of P(AA-co-AAm-co-AMPS)-g-NC/PVA -- 12.3.6 In Vitro Drug Release Profiles -- 12.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 Nucleophile-Induced Shift of Surface Plasmon Resonance and its Implication in Chemistry -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 SPR Sensitivity and Coinage Metals -- 13.1.2 Resonance Condition -- 13.2 Plasmon 13.2.1 Electric Field Enhancement -- 13.2.2 Propagation Length -- 13.2.3 Penetration Depth -- 13.3 Theoretical Background -- 13.3.1 Mie Theory -- 13.3.2 Limitation of Mie Theory -- 13.3.3 Extended Mie Theory: Gans' Modification -- 13.4 Light Excitation and Wave Coupling Schemes -- 13.4.1 Prism Coupling -- 13.5 Temperature Dependence of SPR -- 13.6 Effect of Refractive Index -- 13.7 Effect of Dielectric Constant -- 13.8 Size and Shape Dependence -- 13.9 Fermi Level -- 13.9.1 Calculation of Number of Au Atoms Present in a Single Au NP -- 13.10 Damping -- 13.11 Effect of Eletrophile and Nucleophile on SPR -- 13.12 Application -- 13.12.1 Gas Sensing -- 13.12.2 Chemical Sensing -- 13.12.3 Biomolecular Recognition -- 13.12.4 Biosensing -- 13.13 Commercialization of SPR Sensor Technology -- 13.13.1 Improvement in Detection Limits -- 13.13.2 Multichannel Performance -- 13.13.3 Development of Advanced Recognition Elements -- 13.14 Conclusion -- Symbol and Abbreviation -- References -- Chapter 14 Surface Modification of Natural Fiber Composites and their Potential Applications -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Natural Fibers -- 14.2.1 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibers -- 14.2.2 Polymer Matrices -- 14.3 Chemical Methods of Modification of the Natural Fibers for the Composite Preparation -- 14.3.1 Alkali Treatment -- 14.3.2 Silane Treatment -- 14.3.3 Water Glass (Sodium Silicate) Treatment -- 14.3.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose Coating -- 14.3.5 Fungal Treatment -- 14.3.6 Enzymatic Treatment -- 14.3.7 Advanced Method for Surface Modification of Fiber -- 14.3.8 Graft Copolymerization -- 14.4 Physical Methods of Modification of the Natural Fibers for the Composite Preparation -- 14.4.1 Plasma Treatment -- 14.4.2 Corona Treatment -- 14.5 Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Summary "This book covers the fundamentals in a most logical and clear manner for science and engineering students to follow as well as researchers from different disciplines. The main objective is to summarize in a fairly comprehensive manner most of the recent technical accomplishments in the area of surface modification of biopolymers for different applications. The book will be organized so that it provides most relevant and realistic information on surface modification of biopolymers for different applications ranging from automotive materials, toxic ion removal, biomedical material development, to defense applications, and more. Included in this book will be more than 20 chapters. This book is of interest to materials and biomaterials scientists and engineers, polymer chemists, biochemists, and biotechnologists. It introduces an overview of the developments made in the area of surface modification of biopolymers. Critical issues and suggestions for future research avenues are discussed, underscoring the roles of materials scientists and researchers for the future of these new "green" materials"-- Provided by publisher "Covers most of the recent technical accomplishments in the area of surface modification of biopolymers for different applications"-- Provided by publisher Notes Includes index Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes English Print version record and CIP data provided by publisher Subject Biopolymers. Biopolymers -- chemistry Biopolymers TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Material Science. Biopolymers Form Electronic book Author Thakur, Vijay Kumar, 1981- editor. Singha, Amar Singh, editor. LC no. 2014044283 ISBN 9781119044918 111904491X 9781119044772 1119044774 9781119044901 1119044901 111866955X 9781118669556

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