Table of Contents |
1. | Introduction | 1 |
| References | 8 |
2. | Maori Culture in the Contemporary World | 11 |
2.1. | Justifying Increased Rights | 11 |
2.1.1. | Identity, Overall Well-Being and Socio-Economic Development | 11 |
2.1.2. | The Treaty of Waitangi and Its Guarantees | 16 |
2.2. | The Use and Trade of Maori Culture | 21 |
2.2.1. | Maori Culture in Modern-Day New Zealand | 21 |
2.2.2. | Appropriation of Maori Culture in New Zealand | 24 |
2.2.3. | Issues Relating to Global Use of Maori Culture | 42 |
2.2.4. | Extrapolating What Is Needed | 47 |
2.3. | Conclusions | 49 |
| References | 51 |
3. | Intellectual Property and Other Intangibles | 59 |
3.1. | The Limitations of the Western Concept of Property | 59 |
3.2. | The Public Domain | 64 |
3.2.1. | A Mismatch of Concepts | 64 |
3.2.2. | A "Dynamic" or "Viable" Public Domain | 66 |
3.2.3. | The Public Domain as Changeable | 67 |
3.2.4. | Possible Solutions? | 68 |
3.3. | Misunderstandings About Intellectual Property | 72 |
3.3.1. | IP Can Be Used for Indigenous Cultural Heritage | 72 |
3.3.2. | IP Is Not Non-cultural | 73 |
3.3.3. | IP Is Not Inherently Evil | 75 |
3.4. | Intellectual Property and Indigenous Interests | 77 |
3.4.1. | Copyright Law | 78 |
3.4.2. | Trade Marks Law | 98 |
3.4.3. | Geographical Indications | 118 |
3.4.4. | Patent Law | 130 |
3.4.5. | Plant Variety Rights | 152 |
3.5. | IP-Related Rights, or a Sui Generis System? | 157 |
3.5.1. | Passing Off | 157 |
3.5.2. | Consumer Protection Law | 160 |
3.5.3. | Domain Name Law | 164 |
3.5.4. | Breach of Confidence | 170 |
3.5.5. | Trade Secrets | 180 |
3.5.6. | Right to One's "Own Image"? | 184 |
3.5.7. | Sui Generis Systems: Ownership-Like and Perpetual Protection | 200 |
3.6. | The Mataatua Declaration (1993) | 204 |
3.7. | Concluding Thoughts | 206 |
| References | 208 |
4. | Guardianship and the Wai 262 Report | 223 |
4.1. | Introduction | 223 |
4.2. | The Wai 262 Report | 227 |
4.3. | Kaitiakitanga Versus "Property" | 229 |
4.4. | Issues of the Public Domain | 233 |
4.5. | IP, Taonga Works and Their Underlying Matauranga Maori | 235 |
4.5.1. | Important Definitions | 236 |
4.5.2. | The Balance Against Other Interests | 241 |
4.5.3. | The Legal Framework and General Recommendations | 249 |
4.6. | IP, Taonga Species and Related Matauranga Maori | 255 |
4.6.1. | Taonga Species | 257 |
4.6.2. | Matauranga Maori in Taonga Species | 259 |
4.6.3. | Recommendations and Proposed Reforms | 260 |
4.7. | TRIPS and Other International IP Obligations | 276 |
4.7.1. | Copyright | 277 |
4.7.2. | Industrial Design | 283 |
4.7.3. | Trade Marks | 285 |
4.7.4. | Patents | 286 |
4.8. | Compliancy with GATT | 287 |
4.9. | Support in UNDRIP | 290 |
4.9.1. | Rights to Culture and Cultural Diversity | 290 |
4.9.2. | Rights over Culture and Cultural Heritage | 295 |
4.10. | Concluding Thoughts | 300 |
| References | 303 |
5. | Bringing It All Together: An Overall Reflection | 311 |
5.1. | Formation of a Representative Body | 311 |
5.2. | Trade in New Zealand | 317 |
5.3. | An International Dimension? | 319 |
5.4. | Should There Be Time Limits? | 320 |
5.5. | Discriminatory Against Non-Maori? | 322 |
5.6. | Final Words | 323 |
| References | 323 |
| Glossary | 325 |