Title Nuclear reprogramming and stem cells / Justin Ainscough, Shinya Yamanaka, Takashi Tada, editors

Published New York : Humana Press, ©2011

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Description 1 online resource (xvi, 332 pages) Series Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Introduction: Stem Cells -- What Next? -- References -- Chapter 3: Inherent Nuclear Reprogramming in Mammalian Embryos -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms -- 3.3 First Wave: Early Epigenetic Reprogramming: The Egg, the Sperm, and the Zygote -- 3.4 Second Wave: Cleavage Stages and Lineage Segregation in the Blastocyst -- 3.5 DNA Demethylation: Imprinting and Retrotransposons -- 3.6 Third Wave: Epigenetic Reprogramming of the Germline -- 3.7 DNA Methylation Is Linked to Changes in Chromatin Structure -- 3.8 Influence of Somatic Environment on PGC Reprogramming -- 3.9 Nuage and Reprogramming -- 3.10 Coda -- References -- Chapter 4: Epigenetic Reprogramming During Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer and the Development of Primordial Germ Cells -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Epigenetic Genome Modification Is the Basis of Differentiation -- 4.3 Epigenetic Modification Is Central to Nuclear Reprogramming in Both Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer and Derivation of iPSC -- 4.4 SCNT Does Not Reprogram the Somatic Genome Efficiently -- 4.5 Epigenetic Reprogramming During Germ Cell Specification -- 4.6 Epigenetic Reprogramming Accompanies Germ Cell Development In Vivo -- 4.7 Investigating Epigenetic Reprogramming Using PGCs Derived from hESC -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Epigenetic Reprogramming with Oocyte Molecules -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Oocyte-Reprogramming After Fertilization -- 5.2.1 Reprogramming DNA Methylation -- 5.2.2 Reprogramming Histone Marks -- 5.3 Experimental Nuclear Reprogramming -- References -- Chapter 6: Cell Fusion-Mediated Nuclear Reprogramming of Somatic Cells -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pluripotent Stem Cells in Mice -- 6.3 Cell Fusion Between Somatic Cells -- 6.4 Role of Cell Fusion In Vivo -- 6.5 Nuclear Reprogramming of Mouse Somatic Cells by Fusion with ES Cells 6.6 Nuclear Reprogramming of Human Somatic Cells by Fusion with ES Cells -- 6.7 Selective Chromosome Elimination from Pluripotent Hybrid Cells -- 6.8 Molecular Mechanism of Cell Fusion-Mediated Reprogramming -- 6.9 Perspective -- References -- Chapter 7: Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Somatic Cells -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Generation of iPS Cells -- 7.2.1 Reprogramming Factors -- 7.2.2 Mouse iPS Cells -- 7.2.3 Human iPS Cells -- 7.2.4 Recent Updates -- 7.3 Safety of iPS Cells -- 7.3.1 Tumorigenicity -- 7.3.2 Myc Family Genes -- 7.3.3 L-Myc and iPS Cells -- 7.4 Generation of iX Cells (X = Any Somatic Cell) -- 7.4.1 History of Direct Conversion (Reprogramming) -- 7.4.2 Induced Neuronal (iN) Cells -- 7.4.3 Induced Cardiomyocyte (iCM) Cells -- 7.4.4 Potential of Directly Reprogrammed iX Cells -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: The Consequences of Reprogramming a Somatic Cell for Mitochondrial DNA Transmission, Inheritance and Replication -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Necessities for Reprogramming the Somatic Nucleus -- 8.3 What Is MtDNA? -- 8.4 Why Is the Regulation of MtDNA Transmission Important? -- 8.5 Are Similar Patterns of MtDNA Transmission Observed Following SCNT? -- 8.6 The Consequences of Failing to Regulate Nucleo-Mitochondrial Compatibility -- 8.7 What Are the Consequences of Introducing Somatic Mitochondria and Donor Cell MtDNA into Oocytes? -- 8.8 Is There an Association Between the Genetic Distance of Donor Cell MtDNA and Recipient Oocyte MtDNA? -- 8.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: The Function of Nanog in Pluripotency -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Role of Nanog in Development -- 9.3 Nanog Acts a Rheostat -- 9.4 Nanog Dimerization: Implications for DNA Binding -- 9.5 Protein Partners of Nanog -- 9.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10: Function of Oct3/4 and Sox2 in Pluripotency 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Oct3/4 -- 10.2.1 Expression Pattern and Function in Early Development -- 10.2.2 Regulation of Oct3/4 Expression -- 10.2.3 Oct3/4 Functional Domains -- 10.2.4 Regulation of Downstream Genes by Oct3/4 -- 10.2.5 Oct3/4 in Other Organisms -- 10.3 Sox2 -- 10.3.1 Expression Pattern and Function in Early Development -- 10.3.2 Regulation of Sox2 Expression -- 10.3.3 Sox2 Functional Domains -- 10.4 The Oct-Sox Enhancer -- 10.5 Colocalization as Core Network Factors -- 10.6 Oct-Sox Role in Induction of iPS Cells -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Generation of Neural Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Neural Induction -- 11.3 Regional Specification and Directed Differentiation -- 11.4 Temporal Specification and Glial Differentiation -- 11.5 Possible Applications and Use of iPSCs -- 11.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Noncell Autonomous Reprogramming to a Pluripotent State -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Reprogramming by Exogenous Transcription Factors -- 12.2.1 Nucleic Acid-Based Approach -- 12.2.2 Nonnucleic Acid-Based Approach -- 12.3 Reprogramming by Noncell Autonomous Recruitment of Endogenous OKSM Factors -- 12.3.1 Reprogramming and Its Efficiency -- 12.3.2 Proof of Pluripotency -- 12.3.3 Enhancing Reprogramming Efficiency -- 12.3.4 Amenable Cell Types -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Toward Regeneration of Retinal Function Using Pluripotent Stem Cells -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Development and Physiology of the Retina -- 13.2.1 Retinogenesis and Synaptogenesis -- 13.2.2 Neural Circuits in the Visual Pathway -- 13.3 Retinal Transplantation -- 13.3.1 Donor Cells for Transplantation -- 13.3.2 Retinal Differentiation of ES Cells -- 13.3.3 Strategy for Photoreceptor Transplantation -- 13.3.4 Strategy for RPE Transplantation -- 13.4 Advent of iPS Cells 13.4.1 Direct Reprogramming of Somatic Cells -- 13.4.2 Clinical Grade Preparation of iPS Cells -- 13.5 In Vitro Culture of Pluripotent Stem Cells -- 13.5.1 In Vitro Model for CNS Development -- 13.5.2 In Vitro Models for Drug Screening and Disease -- 13.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 14: Reprogramming Towards Pancreatic b -Cells -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Transcription Factors in the Developing b -Cell -- 14.3 Reprogramming Strategies -- 14.4 Reprogramming from Pancreatic Cells -- 14.5 Reprogramming from Liver Cells -- 14.6 Reprogramming from Mesenchymal and Other Stem Cell Populations -- 14.7 Vectors -- 14.8 Mechanisms Involved in Reprogramming Towards b -Cells -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Pancreatic Plasticity and Reprogramming: Novel Directions Towards Disease Therapy -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Pancreas Development -- 15.3 Endocrine Specification -- 15.4 Alpha to Beta Reprogramming -- 15.5 Exocrine to Beta Reprogramming -- 15.6 Endoderm to Pancreas Programming -- 15.7 Discussion and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 16: Phenotype and Developmental Potential of Cardiomyocytes from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Human Embryonic Stem Cells -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Differentiation and Developmental Potential of hESC and iPSC -- 16.2.1 The Embryoid Body Method -- 16.2.2 Directed Differentiation Techniques -- 16.2.3 Identification of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Derived from hESC and iPSC -- 16.2.4 Differences in Gene Expression and Differentiation Potential of iPSC and hESC -- 16.2.5 Direct Trans-Differentiation of Somatic Cells into Cardiomyocytes -- 16.3 Structure and Functional Phenotype of hESC and iPSC-CM -- 16.3.1 Structural Properties -- 16.3.2 Functional Properties -- 16.4 Current Uncertainties and Future Directions -- References Chapter 17: The Generation of Disease-Specific Cell Lines and Their Use for Developing Drug Therapies -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Generation of Disease-Specific Cell Lines via: -- 17.2.1 Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) -- 17.2.2 Homologous Recombination -- 17.2.3 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) or Therapeutic Cloning -- 17.2.4 Induced Pluripotency Stem Cell (iPS) -- 17.3 Examples of Disease-Specific Cell Lines -- 17.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18: Advances in the Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Derivation and Individual Characteristics of hESCs -- 18.3 The Standard Culture of hESCs -- 18.4 The Advanced Culture of Human ES Cells: The Role of Soluble Substances -- 18.5 The Advanced Culture of hESCs for Future Usage: The Role of Coating Substances -- 18.6 Perspectives for hESC Culture -- References -- Chapter 19: Culture Adaptation of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Challenges and Opportunities -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Genetic and Epigenetic Change in Cultured ES Cells -- 19.3 Adaptation, Nullipotency and Cancer Progression -- 19.4 Effects of Change on Cell Growth and Differentiation -- 19.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 20: Epilogue -- Back Matter Summary Annotation Research into the field of stem cell biology has developed exponentially over recent years, and is beginning to offer significant promise for unravelling the molecular basis of a multitude of disease states. Importantly, in addition to offering the opportunity to delve deeply into the mechanisms that drive disease aetiology the research is realistically opening the doors for development of targeted and personalized therapeutic applications that many considered, until recently, to be nothing more that a far fetched dream. This volume provides a timely glimpse into the methods that have been developed to instigate, and the mechanisms that have been identified to drive, the process of nuclear reprogramming, chronicling how the field has developed over the last 50-60 years. Since the early 1950s a small number of notable experiments have provided significant impetus to the field, primarily the demonstration of reprogramming ability, first by the complex cytoplasmic milieu that constitutes the amphibian egg, then that of the mammalian egg, and finally that of the mammalian embryonic stem cell. Most recently, the demonstration that a limited pool of defined molecules is capable of reprogramming a multitude of cell types has provided massive impetus and facilitated transition towards realistic therapeutic application. We have therefore reproduced some of the key articles that elegantly document these dramatic stages of development of the field in an inclusive appendix to the book, for the benefit of readers keen to investigate the history of how the field of stem cell biology has evolved. Owing to the ever broadening nature of this field, and the incredible rate at which it is evolving, the main content of this volume focuses on areas that have shown significant movement in recent years, are most likely to translate into personalized therapeutic application, and thus provide greatest potential for significant impact on human health in the not too distant future. We recognize that research into many other disease states and cell types are all equally worthy of discussion. We would therefore like to acknowledge those researchers involved whose work we have not been able to include in this volume. Nuclear Reprogramming and Stem Cells will serve as a valuable resource for all researchers in the field of stem cell biology, including those just setting out on their career path as well as those already established in the field Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Subject Stem cells -- Transplantation. Cell nuclei -- Transplantation. Life sciences. Cells. Anatomy. Physical sciences. Physiology. Stem cells. Biological Science Disciplines Genetic Phenomena Cells Anatomy Natural Science Disciplines Phenomena and Processes Disciplines and Occupations Physiology Cellular Reprogramming Stem Cells Stem Cell Transplantation biological sciences. anatomy. physical sciences. physiology. MEDICAL -- Research. Stem cells Physiology Physical sciences Life sciences Cells Anatomy Cell nuclei -- Transplantation Stem cells -- Transplantation Form Electronic book Author Ainscough, Justin Yamanaka, Shin'ya Tada, Takashi ISBN 9781617792250 161779225X 1617792241 9781617792243

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