| Description |
1 online resource |
| Series |
World water resources, 2509-7385 ; v. 7 |
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World water resources ; v. 7
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| Contents |
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Acronyms -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Lebanon in the Regional View -- 1.2 Historical Overview -- 1.3 General Water Measurements -- 1.4 Water Availability -- 1.5 Water Demand -- 1.6 Water Supply -- 1.7 Previous Studies -- References -- Chapter 2: Atmospheric Regime and Terrain Characteristics -- 2.1 Atmospheric Variables -- 2.1.1 Sources of Climatic Data -- 2.1.2 Precipitation -- 2.1.3 Temperature -- 2.1.4 Evapotranspiration and Relative Humidity -- 2.1.5 Aridity -- 2.2 Morphology -- 2.3 Karst Topography -- 2.4 Geology -- 2.4.1 Lithostratigraphy |
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2.4.2 Structures Geology -- 2.5 Land Cover/Use -- References -- Chapter 3: Rivers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Rivers Classification -- 3.1.2 Rivers Description -- 3.2 Drainages Systems -- 3.2.1 Watersheds Extraction -- 3.2.2 Watershed Classification -- 3.2.3 Geometric Measurements -- 3.2.4 Morphometric Measurements -- 3.3 Quantitative Measures -- 3.4 Transboundary Rivers -- 3.4.1 El-Kabir Transboundary River -- 3.4.2 Al-Assi Transboundary River -- 3.4.3 Hasbani-Wazzani Transboundary River -- References -- Chapter 4: Springs -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Springs Characteristics |
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4.2.1 Types of Springs -- 4.2.2 Springs Discharge -- 4.3 Sub-marine Springs -- 4.3.1 Concept of Identification -- 4.3.2 Applied Methodologies -- 4.3.3 Characteristics of Sub-marine Springs -- References -- Chapter 5: Snow Cover -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Snow Cover Area -- 5.2.1 Tools for Analysis -- 5.2.2 Data Analysis -- 5.3 Water Volume from Snow -- 5.4 Physical Characteristics -- 5.4.1 Snow Density (Sd) -- 5.4.2 Snow Hardness (Sh) -- 5.4.3 Snow Roughness (Sr) -- 5.5 Influencing Factors -- 5.6 Thickness-Altitude Relationship -- 5.7 Melting Rate -- References -- Chapter 6: Lakes and Reservoirs |
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6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Lakes -- 6.2.1 Type of Lakes in Lebanon -- 6.2.2 Challenges on Lakes -- 6.3 Reservoirs -- 6.3.1 Dam Reservoirs -- 6.3.2 Mountain Reservoirs -- 6.3.3 Debate on Dams Construction -- References -- Chapter 7: Wetlands -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Concepts -- 7.1.2 Wetlands in RAMSAR Convention -- 7.2 Wetlands in Lebanon -- 7.2.1 Wetlands Description -- 7.2.2 Wetlands Degradation -- 7.2.3 Criteria to Characterize Wetlands in Lebanon -- References -- Chapter 8: Groundwater -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Hydrogeological Characteristics -- 8.2.1 Aquiferous Properties |
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8.2.2 Hydraulic Properties -- 8.3 Estimated Aquifers' Capacity -- 8.4 Groundwater Recharge -- 8.4.1 Factors Controlling Recharge Rate -- 8.4.2 Data Manipulation -- 8.5 Groundwater and Faults -- 8.5.1 Elements of Investigation -- 8.5.2 Data Analysis -- 8.6 Groundwater Level and Discharge -- 8.6.1 Groundwater Level -- 8.6.2 Groundwater Discharge -- 8.7 Groundwater Wells -- 8.7.1 Public Wells -- 8.7.2 Private Wells -- 8.7.3 Drilling Wells -- References -- Chapter 9: Challenges on Water Resources -- 9.1 Concepts -- 9.2 Method of Analysis -- 9.2.1 Data Preparation -- 9.2.2 Data Analysis |
| Summary |
Water has become a challenging resource that many countries worldwide are concerned with. Thus, water is often linked with health, society development, national income and even international geo-politics. Sometimes, water resources are unavailable, but successful management involves developing approaches and projects to assure water supply. However, there are some countries with available water resources, but unsatisfactory management, and thus complain about water supply becoming a national problem. This situation is prevalent in Lebanon, a country characterized by abundant water resources whether on the surface or sub-surface. It is a paradox that there is still imbalance in water supply/demand in Lebanon, and water resources are now under stress due to chaotic use. This has been exacerbated by the oscillating climatic conditions, increased population and improper management. Therefore, people receive less than one-third of their water needs, and most water supplied is of poor quality. The current status shows a descending trend. Undoubtedly, if the water sector in Lebanon continues this way, we should anticipate unfavourable (and may be severe) consequences. Many studies have been conducted on water and related disciplines in Lebanon; however, all of them focus on specific themes and sometimes defined regions. Nevertheless, the occurred changes on the influencers (natural and man-made) have not been considered. This book is the first of its type for Lebanon, and it shows all aspects of water resources with updated measurements and findings obtained by adopting new techniques. It diagnoses in-depth the major elements of water flow/storage mechanism that have never been covered in such a comprehensive manner before. Also, this book introduces and analyses the existing challenges and proposes solutions. It represents a comprehensive investigation of the water resources in Lebanon |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Subject |
Water-supply -- Lebanon
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Water resources development -- Lebanon
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Water resources development
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Water-supply
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Lebanon
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| ISBN |
9783030487171 |
|
3030487172 |
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