| Description |
1 online resource (543 pages) |
| Contents |
Intro -- Imaging Life -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Companion Website -- Section 1 Image Acquisition -- 1 Image Structure and Pixels -- 1.1 The Pixel Is the Smallest Discrete Unit of a Picture -- 1.2 The Resolving Power of a Camera or Display Is the Spatial Frequency of Its Pixels -- 1.3 Image Legibility Is the Ability to Recognize Text in an Image by Eye -- 1.4 Magnification Reduces Spatial Frequencies While Making Bigger Images -- 1.5 Technology Determines Scale and Resolution -- 1.6 The Nyquist Criterion: Capture at Twice the Spatial Frequency of the Smallest Object Imaged -- 1.7 Archival Time, Storage Limits, and the Resolution of the Display Medium Influence Capture and Scan Resolving Power -- 1.8 Digital Image Resizing or Scaling Match the Captured Image Resolution to the Output Resolution -- 1.9 Metadata Describes Image Content, Structure, and Conditions of Acquisition -- 2 Pixel Values and Image Contrast -- 2.1 Contrast Compares the Intensity of a Pixel with That of Its Surround -- 2.2 Pixel Values Determine Brightness and Color -- 2.3 The Histogram Is a Plot of the Number of Pixels in an Image at Each Level of Intensity -- 2.4 Tonal Range Is How Much of the Pixel Depth Is Used in an Image -- 2.5 The Image Histogram Shows Overexposure and Underexposure -- 2.6 High-Key Images Are Very Light, and Low-Key Images Are Very Dark -- 2.7 Color Images Have Various Pixel Depths -- 2.8 Contrast Analysis and Adjustment Using Histograms Are Available in Proprietary and Open-Source Software -- 2.9 The Intensity Transfer Graph Shows Adjustments of Contrast and Brightness Using Input and Output Histograms -- 2.10 Histogram Stretching Can Improve the Contrast and Tonal Range of the Image without Losing Information -- 2.11 Histogram Stretching of Color Channels Improves Color Balance |
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2.12 Software Tools for Contrast Manipulation Provide Linear, Non-linear, and Output-Visualized Adjustment -- 2.13 Different Image Formats Support Different Image Modes -- 2.14 Lossless Compression Preserves Pixel Values, and Lossy Compression Changes Them -- 3 Representation and Evaluation of Image Data -- 3.1 Image Representation Incorporates Multiple Visual Elements to Tell a Story -- 3.2 Illustrated Confections Combine the Accuracy of a Typical Specimen with a Science Story -- 3.3 Digital Confections Combine the Accuracy of Photography with a Science Story -- 3.4 The Video Storyboard Is an Explicit Visual Confection -- 3.5 Artificial Intelligence Can Generate Photorealistic Images from Text Stories -- 3.6 Making Images Believable: Show Representative Images and State the Acquisition Method -- 3.7 Making Images Understood: Clearly Identify Regions of Interest with Suitable Framing, Labels, and Image Contrast -- 3.8 Avoid Dequantification and Technical Artifacts While Not Hesitating to Take the Picture -- 3.9 Accurate, Reproducible Imaging Requires a Set of Rules and Guidelines -- 3.10 The Structural Similarity Index Measure Quantifies Image Degradation -- 4 Image Capture by Eye -- 4.1 The Anatomy of the Eye Limits Its Spatial Resolution -- 4.2 The Dynamic Range of the Eye Exceeds 11 Orders of Magnitude of Light Intensity, and Intrascene Dynamic Range Is about 3 Orders -- 4.3 The Absorption Characteristics of Photopigments of the Eye Determines Its Wavelength Sensitivity -- 4.4 Refraction and Reflection Determine the Optical Properties of Materials -- 4.5 Movement of Light Through the Eye Depends on the Refractive Index and Thickness of the Lens, the Vitreous Humor, and Other Components -- 4.6 Neural Feedback in the Brain Dictates Temporal Resolution of the Eye -- 4.7 We Sense Size and Distribution in Large Spaces Using the Rules of Perspective |
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4.8 Three-Dimensional Representation Depends on Eye Focus from Different Angles -- 4.9 Binocular Vision Relaxes the Eye and Provides a Three-Dimensional View in Stereomicroscopes -- 5 Image Capture with Digital Cameras -- 5.1 Digital Cameras are Everywhere -- 5.2 Light Interacts with Silicon Chips to Produce Electrons -- 5.3 The Anatomy of the Camera Chip Limits Its Spatial Resolution -- 5.4 Camera Chips Convert Spatial Frequencies to Temporal Frequencies with a Series of Horizontal and Vertical Clocks -- 5.5 Different Charge-Coupled Device Architectures Have Different Read-out Mechanisms -- 5.6 The Digital Camera Image Starts Out as an Analog Signal that Becomes Digital -- 5.7 Video Broadcast Uses Legacy Frequency Standards -- 5.8 Codecs Code and Decode Digital Video -- 5.9 Digital Video Playback Formats Vary Widely, Reflecting Different Means of Transmission and Display -- 5.10 The Light Absorption Characteristics of the Metal Oxide Semiconductor, Its Filters, and Its Coatings Determine the Wavelength Sensitivity of the Camera Chip -- 5.11 Camera Noise and Potential Well Size Determine the Sensitivity of the Camera to Detectable Light -- 5.12 Scientific Camera Chips Increase Light Sensitivity and Amplify the Signal -- 5.13 Cameras for Electron Microscopy Use Regular Imaging Chips after Converting Electrons to Photons or Detect the Electron Signal Directly with Modified CMOS -- 5.14 Camera Lenses Place Additional Constraints on Spatial Resolution -- 5.15 Lens Aperture Controls Resolution, the Amount of Light, the Contrast, and the Depth of Field in a Digital Camera -- 5.16 Relative Magnification with a Photographic Lens Depends on Chip Size and Lens Focal Length -- 6 Image Capture by Scanning Systems -- 6.1 Scanners Build Images Point by Point, Line by Line, and Slice by Slice |
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6.2 Consumer-Grade Flatbed Scanners Provide Calibrated Color and Relatively High Resolution Over a Wide Field of View -- 6.3 Scientific-Grade Flatbed Scanners Can Detect Chemiluminescence, Fluorescence, and Phosphorescence -- 6.4 Scientific-Grade Scanning Systems Often Use Photomultiplier Tubes and Avalanche Photodiodes as the Camera -- 6.5 X-ray Planar Radiography Uses Both Scanning and Camera Technologies -- 6.6 Medical Computed Tomography Scans Rotate the X-ray Source and Sensor in a Helical Fashion Around the Body -- 6.7 Micro-CT and Nano-CT Scanners Use Both Hard and Soft X-Rays and Can Resolve Cellular Features -- 6.8 Macro Laser Scanners Acquire Three-Dimensional Images by Time-of-Flight or Structured Light -- 6.9 Laser Scanning and Spinning Disks Generate Images for Confocal Scanning Microscopy -- 6.10 Electron Beam Scanning Generates Images for Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 6.11 Atomic Force Microscopy Scans a Force-Sensing Probe Across the Sample -- Section 2 Image Analysis -- 7 Measuring Selected Image Features -- 7.1 Digital Image Processing and Measurements are Part of the Image Metadata -- 7.2 The Subject Matter Determines the Choice of Image Analysis and Measurement Software -- 7.3 Recorded Paths, Regions of Interest, or Masks Save Selections for Measurement in Separate Images, Channels, and Overlays -- 7.4 Stereology and Photoquadrat Sampling Measure Unsegmented Images -- 7.5 Automatic Segmentation of Images Selects Image Features for Measurement Based on Common Feature Properties -- 7.6 Segmenting by Pixel Intensity Is Thresholding -- 7.7 Color Segmentation Looks for Similarities in a Three-Dimensional Color Space -- 7.8 Morphological Image Processing Separates or Connects Features -- 7.9 Measures of Pixel Intensity Quantify Light Absorption by and Emission from the Sample |
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7.10 Morphometric Measurements Quantify the Geometric Properties of Selections -- 7.11 Multi-dimensional Measurements Require Specific Filters -- 8 Optics and Image Formation -- 8.1 Optical Mechanics Can Be Well Described Mathematically -- 8.2 A Lens Divides Space Into Image and Object Spaces -- 8.3 The Lens Aperture Determines How Well the Lens Collects Radiation -- 8.4 The Diffraction Limit and the Contrast between Two Closely Spaced Self-Luminous Spots Give Rise to the Limits of Resolution -- 8.5 The Depth of the Three-Dimensional Slice of Object Space Remaining in Focus Is the Depth of Field -- 8.6 In Electromagnetic Lenses, Focal Length Produces Focus and Magnification -- 8.7 The Axial, Z-Dimensional, Point Spread Function Is a Measure of the Axial Resolution of High Numerical Aperture Lenses -- 8.8 Numerical Aperture and Magnification Determine the Light-Gathering Properties of the Microscope Objective -- 8.9 The Modulation (Contrast) Transfer Function Relates the Relative Contrast to Resolving Power in Fourier, or Frequency, Space -- 8.10 The Point Spread Function Convolves the Object to Generate the Image -- 8.11 Problems with the Focus of the Lens Arise from Lens Aberrations -- 8.12 Refractive Index Mismatch in the Sample Produces Spherical Aberration -- 8.13 Adaptive Optics Compensate for Refractive Index Changes and Aberration Introduced by Thick Samples -- 9 Contrast and Tone Control -- 9.1 The Subject Determines the Lighting -- 9.2 Light Measurements Use Two Different Standards: Photometric and Radiometric Units -- 9.3 The Light Emission and Contrast of Small Objects Limits Their Visibility -- 9.4 Use the Image Histogram to Adjust the Trade-off Between Depth of Field and Motion Blur -- 9.5 Use the Camera's Light Meter to Detect Intrascene Dynamic Range and Set Exposure Compensation |
| Notes |
9.6 Light Sources Produce a Variety of Colors and Intensities That Determine the Quality of the Illumination |
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Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Form |
Electronic book
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| ISBN |
1394171536 |
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9781394171538 |
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1119081599 |
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9781119081593 |
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