| Description |
1 online resource (352 pages) : illustrations (some color) |
| Contents |
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Introduction to Sensor Technology and Electronic Measurement Technology -- 1.1 Sensor Types -- 1.1.1 Standard Sensors -- 1.1.2 Basic Metrological Concepts -- 1.1.3 Analog and Digital Measuring Instruments -- 1.1.4 Current and Voltage -- 1.1.5 Resistors -- 1.2 Calibration of Measuring and Test Equipment -- 1.3 Analog and Digital Data Acquisition -- 1.3.1 Structure of an Analog Electrode -- 1.3.2 Structure of a Digital Measurement Chain -- 1.3.3 Acquisition and Processing of Measurement Data -- 1.3.4 Control, Regulation, and Visualization -- 1.4 Measurement Error -- 1.4.1 Types of Errors -- 1.4.2 Sources of Error -- 1.4.3 Influence Errors -- 1.4.4 Error Propagation -- 1.4.5 Selection Criteria for Measuring Instruments -- 2: Components of the Electronic Data Acquisition -- 2.1 Analog Amplifier Families -- 2.1.1 Internal Circuit Design of Operational Amplifiers -- 2.1.2 Operating Modes of an Operational Amplifier -- 2.1.3 Transmission Characteristics of Operational Amplifiers -- 2.1.4 Inverting Mode -- 2.1.5 Non-inverting Operation -- 2.1.6 Voltage-Dependent Current Feedback -- 2.1.7 Current Dependent Voltage Feedback -- 2.1.8 Current Dependent Current Feedback -- 2.2 Linear and Non-linear Amplifier Circuits -- 2.2.1 Adder or Totalizer -- 2.2.2 Operational Amplifier as an Integrator -- 2.2.3 Differentiator with Operational Amplifier -- 2.2.4 Differential Amplifier or Subtractor -- 2.2.5 Instrumentation Amplifier -- 2.2.6 Voltage and Current Measurement -- 2.3 Comparator and Schmitt Trigger -- 2.3.1 Simple Voltage Comparator -- 2.3.2 Voltage Comparator in Saturated Amplifier Mode -- 2.3.3 Window Comparator -- 2.3.4 Three-Point Comparator -- 2.3.5 Schmitt Trigger -- 2.3.6 Schmitt Trigger in Non-saturated Mode -- 2.3.7 Comparator with Tilting Behavior -- 2.4 Measuring Bridges |
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2.4.1 Unloaded Voltage Divider -- 2.4.2 Loaded Voltage Divider -- 2.4.3 Bridge Circuit -- 2.4.4 Simple Capacitance Measuring Bridge -- 2.4.5 Vienna and Vienna-Robinson Bridge -- 2.4.6 Maxwell Bridge -- 2.4.7 Schering Bridge -- 2.4.8 Maxwell-Vienna Bridge -- 2.4.9 Frequency-Independent Maxwell Bridge -- 2.5 Analog Switch -- 2.5.1 Switch Functions of the Analog Switches -- 2.5.2 Operational Amplifier with Digital Control -- 2.5.3 Sample & amp -- Hold Circuits -- 2.6 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters -- 2.6.1 The Structure of a Data Collection System -- 2.6.2 Data Acquisition Without a Sample and Hold Unit -- 2.6.3 Time-Division Multiplexed Data Acquisition with Sample and Hold Unit -- 2.6.4 Simultaneous Acquisition of Measurement Data with a Sample and Hold Unit -- 2.6.5 Antialiazing Filter -- 2.6.6 Systems for Signal Sampling -- 2.6.7 Theorem for Signal Sampling -- 2.7 AD- and DA-Converter -- 2.7.1 Natural Binary Code -- 2.7.2 Complementary Binary Code -- 2.7.3 Codes for AD and DA Converters -- 2.7.4 BCD Coding -- 2.7.5 Specifications of Data Converters -- 2.7.6 Relative Accuracy of Transducer Systems -- 2.7.7 Absolute Accuracy of Transducers -- 2.8 Digital to Analog Converter -- 2.8.1 Transfer Function -- 2.8.2 Structure and Function of a DA Converter -- 2.8.3 R2R-DA Converter -- 2.8.4 DA-Converter with External Resistors -- 2.9 Analog to Digital Converter -- 2.9.1 AD Converter According to the Counting Method -- 2.9.2 AD Converter with Overshoot Control -- 2.9.3 AD Converter with Step-by-Step Approximation -- 2.9.4 Single-Slope AD Converter -- 2.9.5 Dual Slope AD Converter -- 2.9.6 Voltage to Frequency Converter -- 3: Temperature Sensors -- 3.1 Basic Information About Temperature Measurement -- 3.1.1 Temperature-Dependent Effects -- 3.1.2 Temperature-Dependent Resistors |
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3.1.3 NTC Resistors or Thermistors -- 3.1.4 Data, Designs, and Technology of Thermistors -- 3.1.5 Linearization of Thermistor Curves -- 3.1.6 Amplifying Circuits for Linearized Thermistors -- 3.1.7 PTC Resistors -- 3.1.8 Protective Circuits with PTC Thermistors -- 3.1.9 Temperature Switches from −10 °C to +100 °C -- 3.1.10 Temperature Switch with Sensor Monitoring -- 3.2 LED Thermometer -- 3.2.1 Integrated Converter ICL7106 and ICL7107 -- 3.2.1.1 Automatic Zero Adjustment -- 3.2.1.2 Signal Integration -- 3.2.1.3 Reference Integration or Deintegration -- 3.2.1.4 Differential Input -- 3.2.1.5 Differential Reference Input -- 3.2.1.6 "ANALOG COMMON" -- 3.2.1.7 Test -- 3.2.2 External Components of ICL7106 and ICL7107 -- 3.2.2.1 Integration Resistance RI -- 3.2.2.2 Integration Capacitor -- 3.2.2.3 "AUTO-ZERO" Capacitor CZ -- 3.2.2.4 Reference Capacitor Cref -- 3.2.2.5 Components of the Oscillator -- 3.2.2.6 Reference Voltage -- 3.2.2.7 Operating Voltages of the ICL7107 -- 3.2.3 Integrating AD Converters with the ICL7106 and ICL7107 -- 3.3 Thermocouples -- 3.3.1 Thermoelectric Effect -- 3.3.1.1 Fe-CuNi -- 3.3.1.2 Cu-CuNi -- 3.3.1.3 NiCr-Ni -- 3.3.1.4 PtRh10-Pt -- 3.3.1.5 PtRh30-PtRh6 -- 3.3.2 Measurements with Thermocouples -- 3.3.3 Amplifier for Thermocouples -- 3.4 Resistance Thermometers with Pt100 or Ni100 -- 3.4.1 Pt100 Resistance Thermometer -- 3.4.2 Ni100 Resistance Thermometer -- 3.4.3 Silicon Temperature Sensor as Pt100 Replacement -- 3.4.4 Connection of a Resistance Thermometer -- 3.4.5 Avoidance of Electromagnetic Susceptibility -- 3.4.6 Ground Loops, Earthing and Shielded Cables -- 3.4.7 Heat Flow Sensor -- 3.5 Measuring Mechanical Quantities with Temperature Sensors -- 3.5.1 Level Measurement -- 3.5.2 Measurement of Flow Velocity -- 3.5.3 Microbridge Airflow Sensors |
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3.5.4 Hot Film Air Mass Sensor -- 3.5.5 Hot-Wire Air Mass Sensor -- 4: Optical Sensors -- 4.1 Properties and Design -- 4.1.1 Luminous Sensitivity -- 4.1.2 Photodiode Technology -- 4.1.3 Applications of Photodiodes -- 4.1.4 Photoresistance -- 4.1.5 Measuring Circuit with a Photoresistor -- 4.1.6 Twilight Switch -- 4.1.7 Phototransistor -- 4.1.8 Automatic Garage Lighting with a Phototransistor -- 4.1.9 Photoelectric Cell -- 4.2 Active Optoelectronics -- 4.2.1 Emitter Components -- 4.2.2 Laser Diodes (Semiconductor Lasers) -- 4.2.3 Light-Emitting Diodes -- 4.3 Optocoupler -- 4.4 Light Barriers and Optoelectronic Scanning Systems -- 4.4.1 Through-Beam Sensors -- 4.4.2 Special Forms of Through-Beam Sensors -- 4.4.3 Reflection Light Barriers -- 4.4.4 Retro-reflective Sensors -- 4.4.5 Detection of Shiny Objects -- 4.4.6 Photoelectric Proximity Switches with Background Suppression -- 4.4.7 Drill Breakage Control Using Light Barrier -- 4.4.8 Optical Distance Measurement -- 4.5 Optical Angle of Rotation and Position Detection -- 4.5.1 Absolute Rotary Encoder -- 4.5.2 Fork Sensors -- 4.5.3 Incremental Encoders -- 4.5.4 Signal Evaluation -- 5: Humidity Sensors -- 5.1 Physical Measurement Methods -- 5.1.1 Appropriate Measurement Methods -- 5.1.2 Methods of Moisture Content Determination -- 5.1.3 Indirect Measurement Methods -- 5.1.4 Laboratory Measurement Procedures of Higher Accuracy -- 5.2 Physical Relationships -- 5.2.1 Definition of the Water Vapor Partial Pressure -- 5.2.2 Dew Point -- 5.2.3 Relative Humidity in Gases -- 5.2.4 Relative Humidity in Liquids -- 5.2.5 Structure and Operation of an Alumina Humidity Sensor -- 5.2.6 Use of Alumina Humidity Sensors -- 5.2.7 Temperature and Pressure Behavior -- 5.3 Realization of Humidity Measurement -- 5.3.1 Simple Measuring Circuit with Humidity Sensor |
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5.3.2 Humidity Dependent Control -- Index |
| Summary |
The book gives an insight into today's operational measurement technology including analysis technology, without claiming to be complete. For the student, the book is an introduction in addition to the relevant textbooks and manuals. It gives the engineer in the profession a quick overview of measurement methods and instruments not familiar to him. In this book not only the components of measurement technology are presented transparently, but also the analog components that are necessary for the construction of measurement and control systems. The theoretical basics and the measuring methods are as much a part of the book as the description of systems, devices and measuring equipment. By indicating measuring ranges and error limits, additional reference points for the application are given, whereby the values mentioned are to be regarded as minimum values due to the constant technical development. This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Messelektronik und Sensoren by Herbert Bernstein, published by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2014. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors. The contents Fundamentals of measurement technology - components of electrical measurement value acquisition - dimensional scale - sensors - analog measurement signal processing - digital measurement signal processing - measurement signal processing with microcontroller The Author Dipl.-Ing. Herbert Bernstein taught the subjects Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering/Electronics and Measurement Technology at the Technikerschule München. He is the author of numerous textbooks in the field of electrical engineering/electronics |
| Notes |
Includes index |
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Translated from German |
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Print version record |
| Subject |
Electronic measurements.
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Detectors.
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Measuring instruments.
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Signal processing.
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measuring devices (instruments)
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Detectors
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Electronic measurements
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Measuring instruments
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Signal processing
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| ISBN |
9783658350673 |
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3658350679 |
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