| Description |
1 online resource (217 pages) : illustrations (some color) |
| Contents |
Front cover -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Table of Contents -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction to the Chemistry and Immunobiology of b-Glucans -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What Are Fungal b-Glucans? -- 1.3 Physicochemical Characterization of Fungal Glucans -- 1.3.1 Structural Characterization of (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucans by 13C and 1H NMR -- 1.3.2 Analysis and Quantification of Glucans in Complex Biomatrices -- 1.3.3 Molecular Weight Analysis of Glucans -- 1.4 Immunobiology of Glucans -- 1.5 Recognition and Binding of Glucans by Membrane Receptors -- 1.6 The Influence of Glucan Polymer Molecular Weight, Structure, and Solution Conformation on Binding to (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucan Receptors -- 1.7 Glucan Receptors Differentially Recognize Glucan Polymers Based on Solution Conformation and Molecular Weight -- 1.8 Identification of Dectin-1 and Scavenger Receptors as Glucan-Specific Membrane Receptors -- 1.8.1 The Role of Dectin-1 as a Primary Glucan Receptor -- 1.8.2 Scavenger Receptors as Glucan Binding Sites -- 1.9 Activation of Proinflammatory and Immunoregulatory Intracellular Signaling Pathways by Glucans -- 1.9.1 Toll-Like Receptor 2 Recognition and Signaling in Response to Glucan Exposure -- 1.9.2 Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFkB), Nuclear Factor Interleukin 6 (NF-IL6), Nuclear Factor 1 (NF-1), Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) and Specificity Protein 1 (SP-1) Signaling Pathways by Fungal Glucans -- 1.10 Effect of Glucans on Cytokine and Growth Factor Expression -- 1.11 Antiinflammatory Activity of Glucans -- 1.12 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Health Effects of (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucans: The Epidemiological Evidence -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Field Studies -- 2.2.1 Indoor Environment -- 2.2.2 Occupational Environment -- 2.2.3 Case Studies -- 2.3 Human Challenge Studies -- 2.4 The Epidemiological Evidence |
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2.5 Control of (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucan Exposure in the Home and Work Environment -- 2.6 Research Needs -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucan in the Environment: A Risk Assessment -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General Considerations -- 3.3 Animal Inhalation Studies -- 3.4 Human Inhalation Studies -- 3.5 Synthesis -- 3.6 Application to Field Studies -- 3.7 Environmental Risk Evaluation -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Animal Model of (1Æ3)- b-Glucan-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation in Rats -- 4.1 Introduction: Why Study (1Æ3)-b-Glucans? -- 4.2 What is the Cause of Controversy Regarding Glucan-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation Studies? -- 4.3 Important Factors Determining the Biological Activity of (1Æ3)-b-Glucans -- 4.3.1 Type of Bond Linkage -- 4.3.2 Higher Molecular Weight -- 4.3.3 Degree of Branching (DB) -- 4.3.4 Conformation -- 4.3.5 Solubility of Polysaccharides -- 4.4 Why Choose Zymosan As the Test Glucan in Animal Studies? -- 4.5 Similarities Between Symptoms Observed in Workers and Responses in an Animal Model -- 4.6 Parameters Monitored in the Animal Model -- 4.6.1 Breathing Frequency -- 4.6.2 Cell Differentials in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid -- 4.6.3 Lung Damage Indicators in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid -- 4.6.3.1 Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) -- 4.6.3.2 Albumin Content -- 4.6.4 Oxidant Production -- 4.6.4.1 Alveolar Macrophage Chemiluminescence -- 4.6.4.2 Nitric Oxide Release from AMs -- 4.7 Dose-Response Relationship of Zymosan-A- Induced Pulmonary Inflammation -- 4.8 Time Course of Recovery from Zymosan A Exposure -- 4.9 Which Form of Zymosan, Soluble or Insoluble, Causes Greater Inflammation? -- 4.10 Which Conformation of Particulate Zymosan A, Partially Open Triple Helix or Closed Triple Helix, Induces Greater Pulmonary Inflammation in Rats? |
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4.10.1 NaOH-Treated Zymosan Annealed for 9 Days is Less Inflammatory than Fresh NaOH-Treated Zymosan -- 4.10.2 Annealing of Zymosan Does Not Induce Changes in Pulmonary Responses -- 4.10.3 Inhibition of Annealing by Freezing Retains the Potency of Fresh NaOH-Treated Zymosan -- 4.10.4 Summary of Findings from Conformation Studies -- 4.11 Conclusions from Zymosan-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation Studies -- 4.12 Pretreatment with (1Æ3)-b-Glucans Modifies Endotoxin Response -- 4.12.1 Regimen Determination Following Combined Exposure to Zymosan and LPS -- 4.12.2 Comparison of Results from Combined Treatment Groups to Calculated Expected Values -- 4.13 Conclusion and Need for Developing Methods for Analyzing Insoluble Glucans -- References -- Chapter 5 -- b-Glucan Receptor(s) and Their Signal Transduction -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Soluble b-Glucan Recognition Proteins -- 5.2.1 Surfactant Protein D (SP-D) -- 5.2.2 b-Glucan Recognition Proteins from Plants and Invertebrates -- 5.3 1,3-b-Glucan Receptors on the Plasma Membrane of Leukocytes -- 5.3.1 Monocyte 20-kDa Receptor -- 5.3.2 CR3 -- 5.3.3 Lactosylceramide -- 5.3.4 Scavenger Receptor -- 5.3.5 Dectin-1 -- 5.4 Signaling via 1,3-b-Glucan Receptors on Plasma Membranes -- 5.4.1 Lactosylceramide-Mediated Leukocyte Activation -- 5.4.2 Contribution of the Toll-Like Receptor to Zymosan- Mediated Inflammatory Cytokine Production -- 5.4.3 Dectin-1 May Explain the Biological Activities of Fungal 1,3-b-Glucan -- 5.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Fate of b-Glucans In Vivo: Organ Distribution and Degradation Mechanisms of Fungal b-Glucans in the Body -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study of Organ Distribution Using a Metabolically Labeled Form of SSG from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum -- 6.3 Study of Blood b-Glucan Concentrations Using the Limulus Test |
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6.4 Analysis of Internal Accumulation Using a Metabolically Labeled Form of Candida -- 6.5 Measurement of Amounts of Candida Cells Accumulating in Organs -- 6.6 Relationship between b-Glucan Dosage and Duration of Antitumor Activity -- 6.7 Solubilization of b-Glucans from Candida Cells -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Adjuvant Effects of b-Glucans in a Mouse Model for Allergy -- 7.1 Abstract -- 7.2 Introduction -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Animals -- 7.3.2 Preparations for Immunization -- 7.3.3 Experimental Design -- 7.3.4 PLN Assay -- 7.3.5 Assay for Serum OA-Specific IgE -- 7.3.6 Assay for Serum OA-Specific IgG1 and IgG2a -- 7.3.7 Statistical Analysis -- 7.4 Results -- 7.4.1 Effect of b-Glucan on the PLN Weight, Cell Numbers, and Proliferation -- 7.4.2 Effect of b-Glucan on the Antibody Response to OA -- 7.5 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Endogenous Septic Shock by Combination of b-Glucan and NSAIDs -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Expression of Lethal Toxicity by Concomitant Administration of Microbial Components and NSAIDs -- 8.3 Changes in Inflammatory and Immune Parameters during Concomitant Administration of b-Glucan and Indometacin -- 8.4 Increased Sensitivity to Endotoxin Due to Concomitant Administration of b-Glucan and Indometacin -- 8.5 Effects of Nitric Oxide in the Appearance of Lethal Side Effects Caused by b-Glucans -- 8.6 Strain Differences in Response to b-Glucans -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Particulate and Soluble b-Glucans from Candida albicans Modulate Cytokine Release from Human Leukocytes -- 9.1 Summary -- 9.2 Introduction -- 9.3 Preparation and Biological Activity of Candida Cell Wall b-Glucans -- 9.4 Higher Order Structure of Glucans -- 9.5 Anti-CSBG Antibody |
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9.6 Analysis of Gene Expression in Leukocytes Activating Candida Cell Wall b-Glucans Using the DNA Microarray Method -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Detection and Measurement of (1Æ3)- b-D-Glucan with Limulus Amebocyte Lysate-Based Reagents -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Structure of (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucan -- 10.3 Measurement of (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucan by LAL -- 10.3.1 The LAL Cascade -- 10.3.2 Factor G -- 10.3.3 Pro-clotting Factor -- 10.3.4 Preparation of (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucan-Specific LAL -- 10.3.4.1 Fractionation and Combination of Limulus Coagulation Factors -- 10.3.4.2 Specific Antibody Blockade of Endotoxin-Sensitive Coagulation Factor C -- 10.3.4.3 Sample Pretreatment with an Endotoxin-Neutralizing Peptide -- 10.3.5 (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucan Structure and Factor G Activation -- 10.3.5.1 Glycosidic Linkage Specificity -- 10.3.5.2 Molecular Weight -- 10.3.5.3 Single versus Triple Helix -- 10.3.5.4 Branching -- 10.4 (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucan-Specific Photometric Techniques -- 10.5 Applications of (1Æ3)-b-D-Glucan- Specific LAL -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 -- Clinical Utilization of the Measurement of (1Æ3)- b-D-Glucan in Blood -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.3 Clinical Implications -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z |
| Summary |
Presenting the expertise of leading international researchers this book covers the basic chemistry and immunobiology of 1->3-B-glucans. A straightforward monograph introducing current knowledge, effects, measurement, monitoring, and risk |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Notes |
Print version record |
| Subject |
Mycotoxins.
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Glucans -- Toxicology
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Indoor air pollution.
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Biochemical markers.
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Mycotoxicoses.
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Mycotoxins
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Air Pollution, Indoor
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Biomarkers
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Glucans -- toxicity
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Mycotoxicosis
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indoor air pollution.
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MEDICAL -- Toxicology.
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Biochemical markers
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Indoor air pollution
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Mycotoxicoses
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Mycotoxins
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| Author |
Young, Shih-Houng
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Castranova, Vincent
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| ISBN |
0203020812 |
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9780203020814 |
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1280281480 |
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9781280281488 |
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9781135995706 |
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1135995702 |
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9781135995652 |
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1135995656 |
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9781135995690 |
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1135995699 |
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