""Managing Troubled Waters""; ""Copyright""; ""Preface""; ""BACKGROUND""; ""SCOPE""; ""STUDY METHOD""; ""ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT""; ""ACKNOWLEDGMENTS""; ""Contents""; ""Executive Summary""; ""1 Introduction ""; ""THE PROBLEM""; ""GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY""; ""MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING""; ""MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING EXPENDITURES""; ""PERCEIVED INADEQUACIES OF MONITORING""; ""ASSESSMENT APPROACH""; ""Conceptual Model""; ""Case Studies""; ""Integration of Information""; ""2 The Role of Monitoring in Environmental Management ""; ""THE IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING""
""Why Monitor?""""The Costs of Not Monitoring""; ""Limitations of Monitoring""; ""The Evolution of Monitoring""; ""Success Stories in Monitoring""; ""Protecting Public Health""; ""Validating Models: Examples from Modeling Estuarine Water Quality""; ""Assessing the Effectiveness of Pollution Abatement""; ""INSTITUTIONAL DYNAMICS OF MONITORING""; ""The Principal Players Involved""; ""Public Pressures and Perceptions""; ""Legal and Regulatory Influences""; ""Funding and Human Resources""; ""Agency Decision Making""
""Ten Steps to Strengthening the Role Of Monitoring in Environmental Management""""3 Strengthening Regional and National Monitoring ""; ""CONTINUUM OF MONITORING SCALES""; ""THE ROLE OF REGIONAL MONITORING""; ""Rationale for Regional Monitoring""; ""Lessons from the Southern California Bight and Chesapeake Bay""; ""The Federal Role""; ""THE ROLE OF NATIONAL MONITORING""; ""Rationale for National Monitoring""; ""Alternate Approaches""; ""An Independent National Fixed-Station Monitoring Program""; ""An Integrated Network of Regional Monitoring Programs""
""A Network of Regional Programs Coupled with a National Program""""COORDINATION""; ""The Need for Interagency and Intergovernmental Coordination""; ""Opportunities to Develop a Coordinated Program""; ""4 Designing and Implementing Monitoring Programs ""; ""A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO DESIGNING MONITORING PROGRAMS""; ""General Versus Specific Design Methodologies""; ""A Methodology for Monitoring Design""; ""STEP 1:Â DEFINE EXPECTATIONS AND GOALS""; ""STEP 2:Â DEFINE STUDY STRATEGY""; ""Conceptual Models and Predictions""; ""Boundaries""; ""Predictions and Uncertainty""
""STEP 3:Â CONDUCT PRELIMINARY STUDIES AND RESEARCH""""STEP 4:Â DEVELOP SAMPLING/MEASUREMENT DESIGN""; ""Linking Testable Questions to Useful Information""; ""Defining Meaningful Change""; ""The Influence of Natural Variability""; ""Selecting Variables to Measure""; ""The Sampling Design and Its Statistical Basis""; ""QUALITY ASSURANCE: AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF MONITORING PROGRAM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION""; ""STEP 6:Â CONVERT DATA INTO USEFUL INFORMATION""; ""Data Management""; ""Data Analysis and Modeling""; ""STEP 7:Â DISSEMINATE RESULTS""; ""REALISTIC EXPECTATIONS""
