Cover; Contents; Foreword; 1. Introduction; 1.1 Global and European Union context; 1.2 Context in the European Region; 1.3 WHO European Healthy Cities Network and national healthy cities networks; 1.4 Role of local government in tackling the social determinants of health; 1.5 Which social determinants of health are especially linked to urban or city settings?; 1.5.1 Transport; 1.5.2 Air pollution; 1.5.3 Road safety; 1.5.4 Neighbourhoods and facilities; 1.5.5 Housing and urban planning; 1.5.6 Green space; 1.5.7 Crime and the fear of crime; 1.5.8 The urban environment and climate
1.6 Strategic focus2. How the report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and the strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010 apply to urban settings; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Commission on Social Determinants of Health; 2.2.1 Measuring the problem; 2.2.2 Health equity in all policies -- working across sectors; 2.2.3 Global governance; 2.2.4 Political empowerment and voice; 2.2.5 Gender equity; 2.2.6 Market responsibility; 2.2.7 Early childhood development; 2.2.8 The built environment and sustainable development
2.3 The strategic review of health inequalities in England post-20102.3.1 Issues related to people; 2.3.2 Place issues; 3. Local government and the social determinants of health: an overview of policy and practice in the European Region; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Approaches to tackling inequalities in health in England; 3.2.1 England's local councils and health; 3.2.2 Progress so far; 3.2.3 Spatial planning and health in England's councils; 3.2.4 Healthy lives, healthy people; 3.3 Overview of policy and practice in Denmark, Latvia, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden; 3.3.1 Structure and method
3.3.2 Terms3.3.3 Political and fiscal context for tackling the social determinants of health and inequities in health in local government; 3.3.4 Summary of emerging themes; 3.4 Action on tackling the social determinants of health; 3.4.1 Children and young people; 3.4.2 Fighting poverty and unemployment; 3.4.3 Creating and developing healthy and sustainable places and communities; 3.4.4 Older people; 3.4.5 Summary; 3.5 Implementing action on the social determinants of health; 3.5.1 Intersectoral cooperation; 3.5.2 Policy coherence and incoherence; 3.5.3 Evidence base; 3.5.4 Capacity
3.5.5 Managing the political context3.5.6 Knowledge transfer; 3.5.7 Summary of the interview outcomes; 3.6 Policy implications of the interviews with local authorities; 3.6.1 Understanding the differences between local government contexts; 3.6.2 Building political commitment; 3.6.3 Transferring knowledge; 3.6.4 Building capacity for action on inequities in health and the social determinants of health; 3.6.5 Cooperation and partnership; 3.6.6 Building policy and legislative structures and frameworks that enable action
Summary
This report summarizes the evidence on the social determinants of health in the urban context drawing on the findings of the global Commission on Social Determinants of Health and the European review of social determinants of health and the health divide. It also highlights how through its leadership local government can play a significant role in addressing these causes of health inequalities by working across sectors and with civil society partners. This report provides a helpful overview of practices from across Europe and identifies priority action areas and key implementation issues to su
Notes
4. Final conclusions and implications for the WHO European Healthy Cities Network
