The historical roots of an active citizenry -- The development of citizenship in an expanding "public space" -- An emergent civil society -- The role of China's emerging middle class in political change -- The critical intellectuals in the establishment challenge the party -- The neo-Maoists -- Neoconservatives and nationalists -- The new left -- The liberals -- Disestablished intellectuals : the cultural revolution and 1989 -- Tiananmen generations -- Expanding citizen participation -- Developing workers' citizenship -- Expanding farmer citizenship -- The right of religious belief : the Falungong -- A redefinition of Chinese citizenship at the beginning of the twenty-first century