1. Introduction -- So called 'non-lethal' weapons -- The technological imperative -- 2. The early history of 'non-lethal' weapons -- The 1960s and 1970s: the new riot control -- The 1980s: relative quiet -- 3. 'Non-lethal' weapons in the 1990s -- Policing developments -- Military developments -- Irritant chamical weapons: 'pepper spray' preferred -- Electrical weapons: raising the voltage -- Other technologies -- Legal issues: consensus on chemicals and lasers -- 4. The contemporary development of 'non-lethal' weapons -- Police developments -- Military developments -- Irritant chenical weapons: the rise of PAVA -- Blunt impact projectiles: continuing injury concerns -- Electrical weapons: taser expansion and diversification -- Other technologies -- Legal issues: stresses on international law
