Putting molecular biology and medical diagnosis into metal brains : operations research and the origins of biomedical computing -- Building tomorrow's biomedicine : the National Institutes of Health's early mission to computerize biology and medicine -- The LINC revolution : the forgotten biomedical origins of personal computing -- A new way of life : computing in the lab, in the clinic, and at the foundation -- Martians, experts, and universitas : biomedical computing at Stanford University, 1960-1966