1. Explaining the Design and Redesign of Electoral Systems -- 2. Poland: Experimenting with the Electoral System -- 3. Hungary: the Politics of Negotiated Design -- 4. The Czech and Slovak Republics: the Surprising Resilience of Proportional Representation -- 5. Romania: Stability without Consensus -- 6. Bulgaria: Engineering Legitimacy through Electoral System Design -- 7. Russia: the Limits of Electoral Engineering -- 8. Ukraine: the Struggle for Democratic Change -- 9. Conclusion: Embodying Democracy