| Description |
xi, 360 pages : illustrations, map ; 25 cm |
| Series |
Springer Nature Book Archives Millennium (2000-2004)
|
| Contents |
Machine derived contents note: 1. Introduction: The Mangrove Environment 1 -- -- 2. The Mangrove Flora 11 -- -- 2.1 Introduction 11 -- 2.2 The Mangrove Flora 11 -- 2.3 Contemporary Biogeographical Processes 21 -- 2.3.1 Floristic Attenuation with Latitude 21 -- 2.3.2 Floristic Attenuation with Aridity 22 -- 2.3.3 Floristic Changes induced by Natural Upheavals and Human Activities 23 -- 2.4 Contemporary Biogeographic Patterns 25 -- 2.4.1 Vicariants 26 -- 2.4.2 Hybridizations 26 -- 2.4.3 Discontinuities and Endemism 27 -- 2.4.4 Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Biogeogrqaphy 28 -- 2.4.5 Indian Ocean and East African Biogeography 32 -- 2.4.6 Australasian Biogeography 37 -- 2.4.7 Western Pacific Biogeography 39 -- 2.4.8 North-East Asian Biogeography 41 -- 2.5 Towards a Global Biogeographic History 43 -- -- 3. Adapting to the Mangrove Environment 49 -- -- 3.1 Introduction 49 -- 3.2 Dealing with High Salt Concentrations 49 -- 3.2.1 Salt Exclusion 50 -- 3.2.2 Salt Extrusion 53 -- 3.2.3 Storage of Salt 57 -- 3.2.4 Succulence 58 -- 3.2.5 Compartmentalization 60 -- 3.2.6 Osmocompensation 62 -- 3.3 Conserving Desalinated Water 63 -- 3.3.1 Xeromorphic Features 63 -- 3.3.2 Transpiration 68 -- 3.3.3 Optimizing Leaf Temperatures 73 -- 3.4 Root Aeration in Waterlogged Soils 75 -- 3.4.1 Morphological Adaptations 75 -- 3.4.2 Physiological Adaptations 81 -- 3.4.3 Metabolic Adaptations 83 -- 3.5 Surviving Seawater Dispersal 84 -- 3.5.1 Vivipary and Cryptovivipary 84 -- 3.5.2 Propagule Production 87 -- 3.5.3 Propagule Dispersal and Establishment 91 -- -- -- -- -- 4. Physico-chemical Factors and Mangrove Performance 101 -- -- 4.1 Introduction 101 -- 4.2 Temperature 101 -- 4.2.1 Mangroves and Low Temperatures 102 -- 4.2.2 Responses to High Temperatures 103 -- 4.2.3 inter- and Intra-specific Differences 104 -- 4.3 Light and Photosynthesis 105 -- 4.3.1 Photosynthetic Efficiency of Mangroves 105 -- 4.3.2. Canopy Gaps: Gap-enhancement of Reproduction and Growth 110 -- 4.3.3 The Mangrove Understorey and the Role of Sulfides 113 -- 4.4 Wind and other Atmospheric Phenomena 114 -- 4.4.1 Ambient Winds 114 -- 4.4.2 Extreme Winds and Mangrove Vegetation 116 -- 4.4.3 Hail 121 -- 4.4.4 Lightning 121 -- 4.5 Sedimentary Conditions and Processes 122 -- 4.5.1 Mangrove Soil Development 122 -- 4.5.2 Aeration and Drainage Properties of Mangrove Soils 128 -- 4.5.3 Nutrients in Mangrove Soils 131 -- 4.6 Salinity of Soil Water 137 -- -- B. Biotic Interactions and Mangrove Performance 147 -- -- 5.1 Plant-Plant Interactions 147 -- 5.1.1 Parasitism 147 -- 5.1.2 Antagonism (Ammensalism) 150 -- 5.1.3 Mutualism 152 -- 5.1.4 Competition 154 -- f.2 Plant-Animal Interactions 160 -- 5.2.1 Flowering and Pollination 160 -- 5.2.2 Bioturbation of Sediments 166 -- 5.2.3 Grazing and Trampling-(Leaf Herbivory) 168 -- 5.2.4 Other Mutualistic Interactions 176 -- 5.2.5 Trophic Pathways 179 -- -- 6. Mangrove Structure and Classification 183 -- -- 6.1 Classification of Mangrove Communities 183 -- 6.1.1 Phytosociological Classification 183 -- 6.1.2 Classification Using Structural Attributes 184 -- 6.1.3 Classification Using Geomorphological Settings 187 -- 6.1.4 Classification Using Physiographic and Structural Attributes 190 -- 6.2 Zonation of Mangroves 194 -- 6.2.1 Shoreline Zonation 194 -- 6.2.2 Longitudinal Upriver Zonation 201 -- 6.2.3 Similarities and Differences in Shoreline and Upriver Zonation 204 -- -- -- -- -- 7. The Value of Mangroves 207 -- -- 7.1 Introduction 207 -- 7.2 Components 209 -- 7.2.1 Plant Resources 209 -- 7.2.2 Fisheries Resources 213 -- 7.2.3 Wildlife Resources 215 -- 7.2.4 Water Supply Resources 215 -- 7.2.5 Agricultural Resources (including Salt Production and Aquaculture) 215 -- 7.2.6 Forage Resources 215 -- 7.2.7 Water Transport Resources 216 -- 7.2.8 Recreational Resources 217 -- 7.2.9 Energy Resources 217 -- 7.2.10 Pharmaceutical Resources 218 -- 7.3 Functions 219 -- 7.3.1 Shoreline Protection 219 -- 7.3.2 Windbreak and Storm Protection 219 -- 7.3.3 Sediment Regulation 219 -- 7.3.4 Nutrient Retention 220 -- 7.3.5 Water Quality Maintenance 220 -- 7.3.6 External Support 221 -- 7.3.7 Groundwater Discharge and Recharge 222 -- 7.3.8 Local Microclimatic Stabilization 223 -- 7.4 Attributes 223 -- 7.4.1 Biodiversity 223 -- 7.4.2 Uniqueness and Heritage 224 -- 7.5 An Economic Perspective 225 -- -- 8. Mangrove Silviculture and Restoration 229 -- -- 8.1 Introduction 229 -- 8.2 Objectives for Mangrove Planting 229 -- 8.2.1 Setting the Objectives 230 -- 8.2.2 Timber Production 231 -- 8.2.3 Shoreline Protection, Channel Stabilization and Storm Protection 237 -- 8.2.4 Fisheries and Wildlife Enhancement 238 -- 8.2.5 Legislative Compliance 239 -- 8.2.6 Social Enrichment 240 -- 8.2.7 Ecological Restoration 241 -- 8.3 Macropropagation of Mangroves 243 -- 8.3.1 Direct Planting of Propagules collectedfrom the Wild 243 -- 8.3.2 Outplanting of up to One Year old Nursery-raised Propagules 244 -- 8.3.3 Outplanting of small Seedlings after Nursery-raising 244 -- 8.3.4 Direct Transplanting of Seedlings and Shrubs 244 -- 8.3.5 Raising of Air-layered Material 245 -- 8.3.6 Use of Stem Cuttings 245 -- 8.3.7 Use of Propagule Segments 246 -- 8.4 Tissue Culture or Micropropagation of Mangroves 247 -- -- -- -- -- 8.5 Site-Species Matching 249 -- 8.5.1 Some General Principles 249 -- 8.5.2 Nursery and Planting Techniques 250 -- 8.5.3 Field Trials 252 -- 8.6 Silvicultural Management of Planted Areas 252 -- 8.6.1 Objectivesfor Management 252 -- 8.6.2 Site Management 253 -- 8.6.3 Natural and Assisted Regeneration 253 -- 8.6.4 Cost of Assisted Regeneration 255 -- 8.7 Plantation Performance 256 -- 8.7.1 Optimal Planting Season 256 -- 8.7.2 Optimal Initial Spacing 257 -- 8.7.3 Survival 257 -- 8.7.4 Standing Stock 257 -- 8.7.5 Mean Annual Increment 265 -- 8.7.6 Rotation and Thinning Schedules 268 -- 8.8 Indices of 'Health' in Mangrove Communities 269 -- -- 9. Conservation and Management of Mangroves 271 -- -- 9.1 The Need for Mangrove Management 271 -- 9.2 Management Frameworks 275 -- 9.3 Some Specific Management Issues 277 -- 9.3.1 Excessive Extractive Use 277 -- 9.3.2 Discharge of Wastes 278 -- 9.3.3 Hydrocarbon Contamination 282 -- 9.3.4 Reclamation and Foreshore Development 286 -- 9.3.5 Mangroves and Global Climate Change 291 -- 9.4 Management Tools 294 -- 9.4.1 The Reserves 294 -- 9.4.2 Zoning of Mangrove Areas 297 -- 9.4.3 Ecosystem Modelling 298 -- 9.4.4 Raising Public Awareness 298 -- 9.5 Future Prospects of Mangroves 299 -- -- 10. References 303 -- -- Index 351 |
| Summary |
An account of mangrove plants from around the world, together with silvicultural and restoration techniques, and the management requirements of these communities to ensure their sustainability and conservation |
| Analysis |
Mangroves |
|
Ecology |
|
Natural resource management |
|
Overseas item |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references |
| Subject |
Mangrove management.
|
|
Mangrove ecology.
|
|
Mangrove conservation.
|
| LC no. |
2002072490 |
| ISBN |
1402006861 HB alkaline paper |
|
