Origins, ideology, and racial hierarchies. Reformers: "friends of the Indians" and "friends of the Negroes" -- Curriculum: acquiring the habits of citizenship -- Strategies of negotiation. Students: Native American negotiations at Haskell Institute -- Parents: African American integration on the "plateau of uncertainty" -- New leaders in the twentieth century. Teachers: from industrial education to African American race pride -- Identity: Native American biculturalism -- Conclusion. Unintended consequences: the next generation
Summary
Warren examines the formation of African American and Native American citizenship, belonging, and identity in the United States by comparing educational experiences in Kansas between 1880 and 1935. After the Civil War, white reformers opened segregated schools, ultimately reinforcing the very racial hierarchies that they claimed to challenge. To resist the effects of these reformers' actions, African Americans developed strategies that emphasized inclusion and integration, while autonomy and bicultural identities provided the focal point for Native Americans'
Bibliography
Includes bibliographical references (pages 211-223) and index
Notes
English
Online resource (HeinOnline, viewed September 8, 2021)
