| Description |
1 online resource (171 pages) |
| Contents |
Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; Preface; Acronyms and Abbreviations; Authors; Chapter 1 Introduction; 1.1 Overview; 1.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on the Environment; 1.2.1 Effects of Metals on Soil; 1.2.2 Effects of Metals on Plants; 1.3 Conclusion; References; Chapter 2 Composting Process; 2.1 Composting Process; 2.2 Factors Affecting the Composting Process; 2.2.1 Carbon-to-Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio; 2.2.2 Particle Size; 2.2.3 Moisture Content; 2.2.4 Porosity; 2.2.5 Oxygen Requirement; 2.2.6 Temperature; 2.2.7 pH Value |
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2.3 Types of Composting Process2.3.1 Agitated Pile/Windrow; 2.3.2 Aerated Static Pile; 2.3.3 Vertical Flow Reactor; 2.3.4 Horizontal Flow Reactor (Rotary Drum Reactor); 2.4 Phases of the Composting Process; 2.5 Microorganisms Involved during Composting; 2.5.1 Bacteria; 2.5.2 Fungi; 2.6 Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Fungi-Bacteria; 2.7 Fourier-Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectra Compost Samples; 2.8 Advantages of Composting; 2.9 Disadvantages of Composting; 2.10 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3 Analysis of Compost Samples; 3.1 Physical Analysis; 3.1.1 Moisture |
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3.1.2 Water-Holding Capacity (WHC)3.1.3 Water-Absorption Capacity (WAC); 3.1.4 Bulk Density (BD); 3.1.5 Compost Porosity; 3.1.6 Free Air Space (FAS); 3.1.7 Temperature; 3.2 Chemical Analysis; 3.2.1 Volatile Solid (VS) and Ash Content; 3.2.2 Analysis of Na, K, Mg, and Ca; 3.2.3 The pH; 3.2.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC); 3.2.5 Total Nitrogen; 3.2.6 Nitrate (NO[sub(3)]-N); 3.2.7 Ammonical Nitrogen (NH[sub(4)]-N).; 3.2.8 Total Phosphorus; 3.2.9 Available Phosphorus; 3.2.10 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); 3.2.11 Total Heavy Metal Content; 3.2.12 Extraction of Water-Soluble Heavy Metals |
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3.2.13 Extraction of Heavy Metals with Diethylene Triamine Penta-Acetic Acid (DTPA)3.2.14 Leachability of Heavy Metals; 3.2.15 Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals; 3.3 Biological Analysis; 3.3.1 CO[sub(2)] Evaluation by Soda-lime Method; 3.3.2 Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR); 3.3.3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD); 3.3.4 Coliform Analysis; 3.3.4.1 Total Coliform; 3.3.4.2 Fecal Coliform; 3.3.5 Protein Determination by Lowry Procedure; 3.3.6 Microbial Diversity during Composting; 3.3.6.1 Total Heterotrophic Bacteria; 3.3.6.2 Spore Forming Bacteria; 3.3.6.3 Total Fungus; 3.3.6.4 Streptomycetes |
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3.3.6.5 Actinomycetes3.3.6.6 Escherichia coli; References; Chapter 4 Composting and Heavy Metals; 4.1 Heavy Metals in Composting; 4.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on the Composting Process; 4.3 Reduction of Total Heavy Metals and Their Bioavailability during the Composting Process; 4.3.1 Physicochemical Methods; 4.3.2 Reduction of Metals by Addition of Chemicals; 4.3.2.1 Lime/Waste Lime and Sodium Sulfide Treatment; 4.3.2.2 Natural Zeolite Treatment; 4.3.2.3 BC and Bamboo Vinegar (BV) Treatments; 4.3.2.4 Red Mud Treatment; 4.3.3 Biological Method; 4.3.3.1 Application of Fungi |
| Summary |
Currently, it is a serious concern to manage waste in the environment. Therefore, detailed knowledge of heavy metals, their eco-toxicological and health effects and ecofriendly approaches for their immobilization and detoxification is urgently required to control and minimize the environmental pollution. Composting is one of the popular methods in waste management and there are a lot of issues pertaining to composting. One of it is the leaching of heavy metals. This book discusses thoroughly, the availability, leachability and the speciation of heavy metals in the entire process of composting |
| Notes |
4.3.3.2 Using Bacteria |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Notes |
Print version record |
| Subject |
Compost.
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Heavy metals.
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Bioremediation.
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Speciation (Chemistry)
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Metals, Heavy
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TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Agriculture -- General.
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Bioremediation.
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Compost.
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Heavy metals.
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Speciation (Chemistry)
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| Author |
Kalamdhad, Ajay
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| ISBN |
9780429486395 |
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0429486391 |
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