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E-book
Author National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences.

Title AIDS : sexual behavior and intravenous drug use / Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Charles F. Turner, Heather G. Miller, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors
Published Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1989

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Description 1 online resource (xiii, 589 pages) : illustrations
Contents AIDS -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTE ON AUTHORSHIP -- Contents -- SUMMARY -- Monitoring The Spread Of HIV And Aids -- Statistics On Aids -- Statistics On HIV Infection -- Cdc's Family Of HIV Seroprevalence Surveys -- National Seroprevalence Survey -- Assuring Confidentiality -- Sexual Behavior And Aids -- Same-Gender Sex Among Men -- Teenage And Adult Heterosexuals -- Female Prostitution -- Research And Data Needs -- Data On Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- IV Drug Use And Aids -- Limiting The Spread Of HIV Infection -- Facilitating Change In Health Behaviors -- Evaluating Interventions -- Randomized Field Experiments -- Resources For Evaluation -- Overcoming Barriers To Research And Intervention -- Barriers To Research -- Collaborative Research -- Social Barriers To Intervention -- PART I UNDERSTANDING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION -- 1 Monitoring The Epidemic's Course -- PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF HIV INFECTION -- Uses Of HIV Prevalence And Incidence Data -- Prevalence Data -- Monitoring Trends -- Incidence Data -- Variation In Estimated Hiv Prevalence For Selected Groups -- Homosexual and Bisexual Men. -- IV Drug Users. -- Hemophiliacs. -- Heterosexual Partners of Persons with HIV Infection or at Recognized Risk. -- Patients at General Care Hospitals. -- Newborn Infants and Women of Reproductive Age. -- Prostitutes. -- Tuberculosis Patients. -- Heterosexuals Without Known Risk Factors.12 -- Variation by Age. -- Variation by Gender. -- Variation Among Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics. -- Geographic Spread of the Epidemic. -- Uncertainties About HIV Prevalence -- Principles And Methods Of Estimating Prevalence -- Probability Samples -- Full Coverage Of The Sample -- Accurate Testing -- Combining Results -- THE 1989 HIV SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM -- Surveillance Of Iv Drug Users -- Sentinel Hospital Surveillance
Surveys Of STD And TB Clinics And Clinics Serving Women Of Reproductive Age -- Data Management -- Neonatal Screening -- ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL HIV PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE -- The Components Model -- The Epidemiological Model -- Sample Survey Method -- CONCLUSION -- Attributes Of An HIV Monitoring System -- Other Uses Of Data On HIV -- References -- 2 Sexual Behavior And Aids -- STATUS OF THE RESEARCH FIELD -- NEEDED DATA -- Data Needed To Understand The Epidemic's Future Course -- Data Needed To Understand The Epidemic's Dynamics -- THE KINSEY STUDIES -- Quality Of The Kinsey Data -- The Interviews -- Sampling -- Utility Of The Kinsey Data -- Kinsey And The Issue Of Sexual Normality -- After The Kinsey Studies -- TRENDS IN HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD -- Kinsey's Findings -- Studies After Kinsey -- Further Trends During The 1970s -- ADULT HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIORS -- Details Of Survey Execution -- 1988 General Social Survey -- Los Angeles Times Survey -- Survey Results -- Condom Use And Risk Perception -- Special Studies -- Couples Study Data -- White And Afro-American Women In Los Angeles -- TRENDS IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AMONG PERSONS OF THE SAME GENDER -- The Kinsey Research -- From Kinsey To The AIDS Epidemic -- 1970 Kinsey Institute Data On Same-Gender Sexual Behavior -- Research On Same-Gender Male Sex Since The Onset Of The Aids Crisis -- Trends In Same-Gender Sexual Behavior -- Anal Intercourse -- Condom Use -- Other Sexual Activities -- Celibacy, Monogamy, And Multiple Partners -- FEMALE PROSTITUTION -- Social Context Of Prostitution -- Prostitution And Aids -- The Customers Of Prostitutes -- METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SURVEYS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR -- Accuracy Of Self-Reported Data On Sexual Behavior -- Sampling Gay And Bisexual Men -- Developing Reliable Survey Instruments -- Measurement Time Frames
Interviewer Versus Self-Administered Assessments -- Behavioral Specificity -- Reliability And Validity Of Measures -- Sample Coverage -- ANTHROPOLOGY'S PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR -- From 1929 To The 1970s -- The 1980s Prior To AIDS -- Anthropological Research Since Aids -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- 3 AIDS and IV Drug Use -- DRUG-USE BEHAVIORS THAT TRANSMIT HIV -- Sharing Drug Injection Equipment -- Social Context Of Needle-Sharing -- Initiation into Drug Use. -- Adolescent IV Drug Use. -- Friendship Networks and Intimate Relationships. -- Shooting Galleries. -- Mechanics Of Drug Use And Sources Of Contamination -- The Syringe. -- The Needle. -- The Cooker. -- The Cotton. -- The Rinse Water. -- Frequency Of Injection -- Polydrug Use -- Sexual Behaviors And IV Drug Use -- Toward A Better Understanding Of Risk-Associated Behaviors -- RISK REDUCTION AMONG IV DRUG USERS -- Changes In Injection Behavior -- Changes In Sexual Behavior -- Toward Reducing Risk-Associated Behavior Among IV Drug Users -- CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON IV DRUG USE -- Research Traditions -- Investigating Risk-Associated Drug Behaviors -- Methods -- Convenience Samples -- Self-Reported Information -- Toward Better Quality Data -- MEASURING THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM -- Prevalence Of IV Drug Use -- Definition Of An IV Drug User -- Techniques For Estimating The Total Number Of IV Drug Users -- National Aggregates Of State Estimates -- Consumption And Turnover Rates Among IV Drug Users -- Modeling The IV Drug-Using Population: Constraints And Limitations -- Prevalence Of AIDS And HIV Infection Among IV Drug Users -- CONCLUSION -- Bibliography -- PART II INTERVENING TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION -- 4 Facilitating Change In Health Behaviors -- EDUCATION PROGRAMS -- The Role Of Education And Knowledge In Preventing The Spread Of Hiv Infection
The Function Of Fear In Health Messages -- The Role Of The Media -- Risk Perception -- Adoption And Diffusion Of Innovations -- MOTIVATING AND SUSTAINING BEHAVIORAL CHANGE -- Self-Efficacy -- Altruism -- HIV Antibody Testing -- Sustaining Behavioral Change -- Assessing Change -- Impediments To Individual Action: The Example Of Condom Use -- SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE -- Family, Group, And Community Beliefs -- Community-Level Intervention Programs -- Impediments To Effecting Behavioral Change -- In-Groups Versus Out-Groups: Creating Distance From Risk -- IV Drug Users -- Female Prostitutes -- Innovative And Controversial Approaches To Behavioral Change -- Sterile Needle Programs -- Education Programs For Teenagers -- THE ROLE OF PLANNED VARIATIONS AND EVALUATION -- References -- 5 Evaluating The Effects Of AIDS Interventions -- DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION -- Program Objectives -- Program Design -- Program Implementation -- Defining And Measuring Outcomes -- Inferring Results: The Value Of Controlled Experiments -- Constraints On Evaluation -- RANDOMIZED FIELD EXPERIMENTS -- Examples -- Benefits And Costs Of Well-Designed Experiments -- Threshold Conditions For Randomized Experiments -- Does Present Practice or Policy Need Improvement? -- Is There Significant Uncertainty About The Effectiveness Of The Proposed Treatment? -- Are There Acceptable Alternatives to Randomized Experiments? -- Will The Results Of The Experiment Be Used To Improve Practice Or Policy? -- Voluntary Participation -- Organizations As The Treatment Unit In Field Experiments -- SPECIAL CONCERNS OF EVALUATION IN THE CONTEXT OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS -- Target Groups -- Information Base -- Objectives Of AIDS Intervention Programs -- Ethical Issues -- Attrition And Noncompliance -- Measurement And Observation -- IMPLEMENTING GOOD EVALUATIONS -- Bibliography
PART III IMPEDIMENTS TO RESEARCH AND INTERVENTION -- 6 Barriers to Research -- COLLABORATION IN RESEARCH -- FEDERAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL -- Immediate Needs -- Future Needs -- References -- 7 Social Barriers To Aids Prevention -- SOCIAL RESPONSE TO EPIDEMICS -- COMMUNICATING ABOUT SEX -- BARRIERS TO ACTION: RECENT EXAMPLES -- Condom Advertising On Network Television -- Communicating With Inoffensive Language -- Federal AIDS Education Efforts -- Communicating Facts Versus Moral Suasion -- Reflecting Values Versus Imposing Them -- HISTORICAL LESSONS -- The Effects Of Epidemics On Poor People And Minorities -- Stigma -- Defining Stigma -- Effects Of Stigmatization -- Stigma And The Aids Epidemic -- Legal Status Of Homosexual Behaviors -- Toward Dispelling Stigma -- References -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A The Committee's Recommendations -- Monitoring The Epidemic's Course -- Human Sexual Behavior And AIDS -- AIDS AND IV DRUG USE -- FACILITATING CHANGE IN HEALTH BEHAVIORS -- EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF AIDS INTERVENTIONS -- BARRIERS TO RESEARCH -- Appendix B Supplemental Data -- BACKGROUND PAPERS -- ON THE ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES OF NUMBERS OF INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS -- What Is The Definition Of Intravenous Drug User? -- What Definitions Are Used In The "Review"? -- What Population Definition Was Used For Estimating Seroprevalence? -- How Were Numbers Of Ivdus Estimated? -- Overview -- Aggregation Of State Agencies' Estimates -- Illinois And Chicago -- California And Los Angeles -- New York State And New York City -- National Estimates -- Lange's Approach -- Newmeyer's Ratio Estimate -- Conclusions -- References -- MONITORING THE SPREAD OF HIV INFECTION -- Current Estimates -- Proportional Model -- Multiplicative Model -- Temporal Distribution Model -- Proposal -- Requirements -- Limitations Of Samples Of Convenience -- Design Considerations -- Overview
Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index
Notes Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002. http://purl.oclc.org/DLF/benchrepro0212 MiAaHDL
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digitized 2010 HathiTrust Digital Library committed to preserve pda MiAaHDL
Subject AIDS (Disease) -- United States -- Prevention
AIDS (Disease) -- United States -- Epidemiology
Health behavior -- United States
Sex customs -- United States
Intravenous drug abuse -- United States
Health behavior.
Intravenous drug abuse.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome -- epidemiology
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome -- prevention & control
Health Behavior
Risk Factors
Sexual Behavior
Substance Abuse, Intravenous
MEDICAL -- Preventive Medicine.
MEDICAL -- Forensic Medicine.
MEDICAL -- Public Health.
AIDS (Disease) -- Epidemiology
AIDS (Disease) -- Prevention
Health behavior
Intravenous drug abuse
Sex customs
Syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise -- États Unis d'Amérique.
Hygiène de vie.
Comportement sexuel.
Toxicomanie intraveineuse.
HIV/AIDS.
United States
United States
Form Electronic book
Author Turner, Charles F.
Miller, Heather G.
Moses, Lincoln E.
LC no. 88043331
ISBN 0585154139
9780585154138
0309039487
9780309039482
9780309559294
0309559294