A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling
Vivienne Westwood Anglomania (Firm) / http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2012022797 : Fashion of the millenium. Episode 1, The Anglo-Saxon wave / directed by Véronique Legendre ; produced by Marie Drogue, Stylia, Ma Drogue A Moi
Vivisection -- Germany -- 19th century. : Official circular addressed to the German universities by the Minister of Public Instruction enjoining safeguards against abuses of vivisection : With an appendix containing the statements of the several medical faculties. Extracted from the "White Book" presented to the Prussian parliament
