I: Starting points, theoretical and factual -- The ecological approach in anthropology -- The limitation of traditional approaches -- Cultural ecology -- Two types of ecosystem -- Inner vs. outer Indonesia -- Swidden -- Sawah -- II: The crystallization of the pattern -- The classical period -- The colonial period: foundations -- The company -- The culture system -- The colonial period: Florescence -- The corporate plantation system -- The development of outer Indonesia -- III: The outcome -- Comparisons and prospects -- The present situation -- Java and Japan -- The outline of the future