| Description |
1 online resource (xix, 257 pages) |
| Contents |
Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Introduction to Distributed Photovoltaic (DPV) Grid Power Transformers -- 1.2. Voltage Flicker and Variation -- 1.3. Harmonics and Wave Form Distortion -- 1.4. Frequency Variation -- 1.5. Power Factor (PF) Variation -- 1.6. Safety and Protection Related to the Public -- 1.7. Islanding -- 1.8. Relay Protection -- 1.9. DC Bias -- 1.10. Thermo Cycling (Loading) -- 1.11. Power Quality -- 1.12. Low-Voltage Fault Ride-Through -- 1.13. Power Storage -- 1.14. Voltage Transients and Insulation Coordination -- 1.15. Magnetic Inrush Current -- 1.16. Eddy Current and Stray Losses -- 1.17. Design Considerations: Inside/Outside Windings -- 1.18. Special Tests Consideration -- 1.19. Special Design Consideration -- 1.20. Other Aspects -- 1.21. Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 2. Use of Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformers -- 2.1. DPV-GT Solar Converter Step-Up Transformers -- 2.2. Transformers for Solar Power Solutions -- 2.2.1. Photovoltaic Power Plants -- 2.2.2. Concentrated Solar Power -- 2.2.3. PV Distribution Transformers -- 2.3. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Transformers -- 2.4. Medium Power Transformers -- 2.5. Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems Transformers -- Bibliography -- 3. Voltage Flicker and Variation in Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers -- 3.1. Flicker -- 3.2. Voltage Fluctuations -- Bibliography -- 4. Harmonics and Waveform Distortion (Losses, Power Rating) in Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers -- 4.1. Definition of Harmonics -- 4.2. Factors That Cause Harmonics -- 4.3. Effects of Harmonics -- 4.4. Reducing the Effects of Harmonics -- 4.5. Eddy Current Loss -- 4.6. K-Factor -- 4.7. Summary -- 4.8. Power Factor Control -- 4.9. Shunt Filter -- 4.10. Series Filter -- 4.11. Harmonic Mitigation -- 4.12. Broadband Filters -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Problems -- 5. Frequency Variation, Power Factor Variation in Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers -- 5.1. Under-or Over-Frequency -- 5.2. Power Factor Control -- 5.3. Under-Frequency Concerns -- 5.4. Over-/Under-Voltage (OVP/UVP) and Over-/Under-Frequency (OFP/UFP) -- 5.5. Frequency Variation due to Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) -- 5.6. Conducted High-Frequency Phenomena -- 5.7. Frequency Problems Related to Large Grid Tied DPV-GT Impedance and PV Inverter Interaction -- 5.8. Power Factor Correction (PFC) -- Bibliography -- 6. Islanding Effects on Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers -- 6.1. EN61000-3-2 European Standard Regulating Harmonic Currents -- 6.2. Scoping Consistency -- 6.3. Methods for Detecting Islanding with DPV-GTs That Are Grid-Tied -- 6.3.1. Over-/Under-Voltage (OVP/UVP) and Over-/Under-Frequency (OFP/UFP) -- 6.3.2. Voltage-Phase Jump Detection (PJD) -- 6.3.3. Detection of Voltage Harmonics -- 6.3.4. Detection of Current Harmonics -- 6.3.4.1. Impedance Measurement -- 6.3.4.2. Detection of Impedance at a Specific Frequency -- 6.3.4.3. Slip-Mode Frequency Shift (SMS) -- 6.3.4.4. Frequency Bias (Active Frequency Drift or Frequency Shift Up/Down) -- 6.3.4.5. Frequency Shift -- 6.3.4.6. Voltage Shift (VS) -- 6.3.4.7. Frequency Jump (FJ) -- 6.3.4.8. ENS or MSD (Device Using Multiple Methods) -- 6.3.4.9. Impedance Insertion -- 6.3.4.10. Power Line Carrier Communications (PLCC) -- 6.3.4.11. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) -- Bibliography -- 7. Relay Protection for Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformers -- 7.1. Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformer (DPV-GT) Protection -- 7.2. Application of Protective Scheme -- 7.2.1. Fault Primary Backup -- 7.2.2. Monitoring True Load -- 7.2.3. Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) Communication Requirements -- 7.3. Protection Relays -- 7.4. Photovoltaic System Ground-Fault Protection -- 7.4.1. Islanding Considerations -- 7.4.2. Relay, Fuse, and Line Closer Methodology for Protection of DPV -- 7.4.3. Impact on Fuse Saving Schemes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7 Problems -- 8. DC Bias in Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformers -- 8.1. DC Injection into the Grid -- 8.2. Effects of DC Currents on DPV-GTs -- Bibliography -- 9. Thermocycling (Loading) and Its Effects on Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers -- 9.1. Gradient in Windings with No Directed Oil Flow -- 9.2. Some Commercially Available Epoxy Materials and Their Advantages for DPV-GTs -- 9.3. Some Commercially Available Products and Their Applications -- 10. Power Quality Provided by Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformers -- 10.1. Power Quality Requirements -- 10.1.1. Power Conditioning -- 10.1.2. Smart Grids and Power Quality -- 10.1.3. Power Quality Challenges -- 10.1.4. Raw Data Compression -- 10.1.5. Aggregated Data Compression -- 10.2. Power Quality in Grid Connected Renewable Energy Systems -- 10.3. Power Quality Issues (DG) -- 10.4. Grid integration of Renewable Energy Systems -- Power Quality Issues A Solar Photovoltaic Systems -- 10.5. Mitigation of PQ Problems -- 10.6. Role of Custom Power Devices -- 10.7. Effects of irradiance in a Solar Photovoltaic Systems -- References -- 11. Voltage Transients and Insulation Coordination in Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformers -- 11.1. Insulation Coordination -- 11.2. Data Required for Insulation Coordination Study -- 11.3. Insulation Coordination Standards -- 11.4. Voltage Flicker Concerns -- 11.5. Effect of Voltage Variation on Power Flow in Grid-Tied DPV-GT Systems -- 11.6. Voltage Variation Mitigation -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11 Problems -- 12. Inverter Circuit Coordination with a Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformer -- 12.1. Inverter Definition -- 12.2. Inverter History -- 12.3. Inverter Technology -- 12.3.1. Variable Speed Drive versus Solar Inverter -- 12.3.2. Solar Inverters -- Grid Tied versus Non-Grid Tied -- 12.3.3. Solar Inverter Features and Characteristics (Grid-Tied) -- 12.3.4. Solar Inverters -- Maximum Power Point Tracking -- 12.3.5. Solar Inverters -- Power Monitoring -- 12.4. DC Bias Caused by Inverters -- 12.5. Typical DPV Generation Systems and Their Specifics in Relation to the Transformers -- 12.6. Types of Converter Topologies -- 12.7. Inverter Technology -- 12.8. Solar Inverters -- Anti-Islanding -- 12.8.1. Anti-Islanding (Grid-Tied Systems) -- 12.8.2. Anti-Islanding Exception -- 12.9. Grid-Tie Inverter or Synchronous Inverters -- 12.9.1. Typical Operation -- 12.9.2. Technology -- 12.9.3. Characteristics -- 12.10. Solar Micro-Inverter -- 12.11. String Inverters -- 12.12. Micro-Inverters -- 12.13. Central, Module-Oriented or Module-Integrated, and String Inverters -- 12.13.1. Power Injected into Grid -- 12.13.2. Demands Defined by the Photovoltaic Module -- 12.13.3. Maximum Power Point Tracker Characteristics -- 12.13.4. High Efficiency -- 12.13.5. Reliability -- 12.13.6. Topologies of PV Inverters -- 12.13.6.1. Centralized Inverters -- 12.13.6.2. String Inverters -- 12.13.6.3. AC Module -- 12.13.7. Future Topologies -- 12.13.7.1. Multistring Inverters -- 12.13.7.2. AC Cell Configuration -- 12.13.7.3. Classification of Inverter Topologies -- 12.13.7.4. Power Decoupling -- 12.13.7.5. Capacitors -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12 Problems -- 13. Magnetic Inrush Current in Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformers -- 13.1. Transformer Inrush Current Protection -- 13.2. Protection of the Transformer -- 13.2.1. Selection Criteria #1: Energy -- 13.2.2. Selection Criteria #2: Steady-State Current -- 13.3. Magnetic Inrush Currents due to Geomagnetic-Induced Currents (GICs) |
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-- 14. Eddy Current and Stray Loss Calculations of Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformer -- 14.1. Eddy Current Loss (ECL) in DPV-GT -- 14.2. Alternate Method for ECL in Windings -- 14.3. Calculation of Stray Losses -- 15. Design Considerations -- Inside/Outside Windings for a Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformer -- 15.1. Design of Windings -- 15.2. Kinds of Windings -- 15.2.1. Pretransposed Strip Conductor -- 15.2.2. Transposed Conductor Proportions -- 15.2.3. Rotary Transposition for Helical or Spiral Windings for Core-Type DPV-GTs -- 15.3. Typical Conductor Transposition Examples in Spiral Windings Used in DPV-GTs -- 15.3.1. Transposition of Bunched Conductors -- 15.3.1.1. Stage 1 -- 15.3.1.2. Stage 2 -- 15.3.2. Forces on Windings -- 15.3.3. Forces between Two Coils in Series -- 15.3.4. Forces in Concentric Coils -- 15.3.5. Mechanical Strength of Copper -- 15.3.6. Backup Strength of Outer Turns -- 15.3.7. Compression Force on Inner Coil -- 15.3.8. Axial Displacement of Coils and Resultant Axial Forces -- 15.3.9. Calculation of Axial Forces -- 15.3.10. Short-Circuit Currents and Short-Circuit Capability -- 15.4. Core Design -- 15.4.1. Selection Process -- 15.4.2. Application of the Unit -- 15.4.3. Choice of Liquid-Filled or Dry Type -- 15.4.4. Environmental Concerns -- 15.4.5. Liquid Dielectric Selection Factors -- 15.4.6. Cast Coil Insulation Systems -- 15.4.7. Choice of Winding Material -- 15.4.8. Use of Low-Loss Core Material -- 15.4.9. Amorphous Cores -- 15.4.10. Protection from Harsh Conditions -- 15.4.11. Insulators -- 15.4.12. Regulation -- 15.4.13. Voltage Taps -- 15.4.14. Life Expectancy -- 15.4.15. Overloading -- 15.4.16. Insulation Level -- 15.4.17. Liquid-Filled Temperature Considerations -- 15.4.18. Dry-Type Temperature Considerations -- 15.4.19. Losses -- 15.4.20. k-Factor -- 15.4.21. Shielding |
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Note continued: 15.4.22. Placing Transformers Near the Load -- 15.4.23. Accessories -- 15.4.24. New Techniques of Analysis and Design of DPV-GTs for Photovoltaic Solar Conversion -- 15.4.25. Design of Magnetic Circuit -- 15.4.26. Impedance, Accessories, and Loading -- 15.5. Design Procedure -- 15.5.1. Design Process -- References -- Chapter 15 Problems -- 16. Special Tests Consideration for a Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformer -- 17. Safety Protection and Shipping and Dispatch for Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers -- 17.1. Islanding Detection Methods for Safety Monitoring and Control -- 17.2. Safety, Protection, and Monitoring -- 17.2.1. DPV-GT Specific Controls and Related Protections -- 17.2.2. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) -- 17.2.3. Protection from DC Bus Over-Voltage -- 17.2.4. Protection from DC Bus Over-Current -- 17.2.5. Protection from Reverse DC Bus -- 17.2.6. Protection from Ground Faults -- 17.3. Potential Operations and Management (O & M) Issues -- 17.4. Solar Power Wiring Design -- 17.5. Solar Power System Wiring -- 17.6. Solar Power System Design Considerations -- 17.7. Shipping and Dispatch Considerations for a DPV Grid Power Transformer -- References -- Appendix A -- MATLAB® Program for a Three-Limb Core Design [16] -- Suggested Reading -- Appendix B -- Standards, Codes, User's Guides, and Other Guidelines |
| Summary |
"The demand for alternative energy sources fuels the need for electric power and controls engineers to possess a practical understanding of transformers suitable for solar energy. Meeting that need, Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers begins by explaining the basic theory behind transformers in the solar power arena, and then progresses to describe the development, manufacture, and sale of distributed photovoltaic (PV) grid transformers, which help boost the electric DC voltage (generally at 30 volts) harnessed by a PV panel to a higher level (generally at 115 volts or higher) once it is inverted to the AC voltage form by the inverter circuit. Packed with real-life scenarios and case studies from around the globe, Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers covers the key design, operation, and maintenance aspects of transformers suitable for solar energy. Topics include islanding, voltage flicker, voltage operating range, frequency and power factor variation, and waveform distortion. Multiple homework questions are featured in each chapter. A solutions manual and downloadable content, such as illustrated examples, are available with qualifying course adoption"-- Provided by publisher |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Notes |
Print version record |
| Subject |
Electric inverters.
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Photovoltaic power systems -- Equipment and supplies
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TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Electrical.
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TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Power Resources -- Electrical.
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TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Mechanical.
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Electric inverters
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| ISBN |
9781482247190 |
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1482247194 |
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9781306866446 |
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1306866448 |
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