Defoe and the Augustan age -- Richardson and Fielding -- Quixotic and picaresque fiction -- Sterne, sentiment and its opponents -- Gothic, Romantic, and heroic -- Austen, Scott and the Victorians -- Dickens and the literature of London -- Industrialisation and the condition of England -- Victorian views of the individual: the Brontes, Thackeray, Trollope and George Eliot -- New approaches: Meredith, Hardy and Butler -- Late-Victorian choices: James, Wilde, Gissing and Moore