| Description |
1 online resource |
| Contents |
Cover; Copyright; Abstract & Benefits; Table of Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; Acronyms and Abbreviations; Acknowledgments; Executive Summary; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 Background; 1.2 Desalination Energy Use; 1.3 Established Techniques for Energy Minimization; 1.3.1 Enhanced System Design; 1.3.2 High-Efficiency Pumping; 1.3.3 Energy Recovery; 1.4 Selection of Technology and Energy Saving Claims; 1.5 Project Goal and Significance; Chapter 2: Literature Review; 2.1 Introduction to Desalination Processes; 2.2 Membrane-Based Technologies; 2.2.1 Nanocomposite Membranes |
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2.2.2 Closed Circuit Desalination2.2.3 In Situ Desalination; 2.2.4 Autonomous Desalination Module; 2.2.5 Forward Osmosis; 2.2.6 Aquaporin Membranes; 2.2.7 Nanotube Membranes; 2.2.8 Desalination with Deep Sea Pressure Differentials; 2.2.9 Microbial Desalination Cells; 2.3 Thermal-Based Technologies; 2.3.1 Evaporation Processes; 2.3.2 Membrane Distillation; 2.3.3 Pervaporation; 2.4 Alternate Technologies; 2.4.1 Capacitive Deionization Technologies; 2.4.1.1 Membrane-Based Systems; 2.4.1.2 Flow-Through Systems; 2.4.1.3 Hybrid Systems; 2.4.1.4 Entropy Battery Systems; 2.4.1.5 Wire-Based Systems |
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2.4.2 Ion Concentration Polarization2.4.3 Thermo-Ionic Desalination; 2.4.4 Clathrate Hydrates; Chapter 3: Materials and Methods; 3.1 Evaluation of TFN RO; 3.1.1 Test Site Location and Feed Water Source; 3.1.2 Treatment Train; 3.1.3 Model Membranes; 3.1.4 Estimation of Specific Energy Consumption; 3.1.5 Water Quality; 3.1.6 Determination of Calculated Parameters; 3.2 Evaluation of Semi-Batch RO; 3.2.1 Test Site Location and Feed Water Source; 3.2.2 Membranes; 3.2.3 Equipment Configuration; 3.2.4 Operating Conditions; Chapter 4: Performance of Nanocomposite RO Membranes |
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4.1 Comparison of Feed Pressure and Permeability4.2 SEC of TFN RO Membranes; 4.3 SEC of TFC RO Membranes; 4.4 Long-Term SEC; 4.5 Comparison of SEC with Past Studies; 4.6 SEC of Total RO System; 4.7 Fouling and Cleaning Studies; 4.8 Water Quality; 4.9 Integrity of Membrane Elements; Chapter 5: Performance of Semi-Batch RO System; 5.1 Operating Performance of the Semi-Batch RO System; 5.2 SEC of the Semi-Batch RO System; 5.3 Potential for Improvement in Energy Savings; 5.4 Comparison of SEC; 5.5 Water Quality; 5.6 Equipment and Components Considerations; Chapter 6: Conclusions |
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6.1 TFN RO Membranes6.2 Semi-Batch RO System; 6.3 Further Comments; References; Appendix A: Technology Provider Claims on Energy Savings; Appendix B: SEC Data for TFN and TFC RO Membranes; Appendix C: Water Quality Data: TFN RO; Appendix D: Water Quality Data: Semi-Batch RO; Appendix E: RO Modeling Results; Appendix F: Ashkelon Desalination Plant Data |
| Summary |
The purpose of this project was to independently evaluate two emerging desalination technologies that showed promise for at least 10 to 15% savings in specific energy consumption (SEC) during seawater desalination. Thin film nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes from LG-NanoH2O, LLC and semi-batch RO from Desalitech, LLC were selected for evaluation at the pilot scale. The significance of performing such a study was to independently test innovative technologies and ultimately to accelerate industry adaptation of recently developed commercial products by minimizing the time to widespread testing and application. The project consisted of two major phases: (1) literature review and (2) pilot-scale evaluation of TFN RO membranes and the semi-batch RO process. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify emerging desalination technologies with particular focus on energy minimization during seawater desalination. Pilot-scale evaluations of TFN RO membranes, Qfx400ES, Qfx365ES, and Qfx400R, were conducted at West Basin Municipal Water District's Ocean Water Demonstration Facility using seawater from the Pacific Ocean. Thin film composite (TFC) RO membranes from DowFilmtec, SW30ULE, and SW30XLE were used for baseline data collection and comparison with TFN RO membranes. The SEC at various flux and feed water recoveries were evaluated for the model membranes. A pilot scale evaluation of the semi-batch RO process was conducted at Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) facility in Tel Aviv, Israel. Pretreated water from the Ashkelon Desalination Plant was used as the feed water for the pilot-scale evaluation. TFC RO membranes (SW30HRLE) were harvested from the full-scale plant and utilized in the semi-batch RO system. In addition, TFN RO membranes (Qfx400ES) also were utilized in the semi-batch RO system and SEC was evaluated at various flux and recovery conditions |
| Notes |
"Desal-11-04." |
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"Final report."--Cover |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters |
| Notes |
Online resource; title from digital title page (viewed on August 24, 2020) |
| Subject |
Saline water conversion.
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Water supply & treatment.
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Saline water conversion
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Environmental science, engineering & technology.
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Industrial applications of scientific research & technological innovation.
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Mining technology & engineering.
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Water supply & treatment.
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Environment and Ecology.
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| ISBN |
9781780408460 |
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1780408463 |
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