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Book Cover
E-book
Author Maruyama, Geoffrey

Title Research methods in social relations / Geoffrey Maruyama and Carey S. Ryan
Edition 8th edition
Published Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Malden, MA : Wiley Blackwell, 2014

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Description 1 online resource
Contents Part I. Underpinnings of Social Relations Research : -- 1. Ways of Thinking and Knowing -- 2. Doing Social Science Research -- 3. Ethical Principles -- 4. Roles and Relations among Researchers, Practitioners, and Participants in Engaged Research -- 1. Schoolyard Gardens -- 2. After-School Programs -- 5. Research in Laboratory Settings -- 6. Research in Field and Community-Based Settings -- Part II. Research Approaches in Social Relations Research : -- 7. Measurement and Reliability -- 8. Evaluating the Construct Validity of Measures -- 9. Sampling Methods -- 10. Randomized Experiments -- 11. Quasi-Experimental and Other Nonrandomized Designs -- 12. Non-Experimental Research -- 13. Qualitative Research -- 14. Survey Research -- 15. Evaluation Research -- 16. Mixed Methods Approaches: Learning from Complementary Methods -- Part III. Analysis and Writing : -- 17. Critically Reviewing Research Reports and Literatures -- 18. Writing the Research Report
Part I. Underpinnings of Social Relations Research : -- 1. Ways of Thinking and Knowing -- Recognizing Importance of Research Methods and Relevance of Research -- Perspective -- The Place of Values in Social Science Research -- Contestability in Social and Physical Sciences -- Casual Observation -- Naïve Hypotheses and Theories of Social Behavior -- Sources of Support for Naïve Hypotheses Underlying Casual Observation -- Logical Analysis -- Authority -- Consensus -- Observation -- Past Experience -- Toward a Science of Social Behavior -- 2. Doing Social Science Research -- The Nature of Social Science Theories and Hypotheses -- What Makes a Theory Productive? -- The Functions of Research in Constructing Theories -- Discovery -- Demonstration -- Refutation -- Replication -- Criteria for Evaluating Social Science Research -- Construct Validity -- Internal Validity -- External Validity -- Conclusion Validity -- Maximizing Construct Validity -- Maximizing Internal Validity -- Maximizing External Validity -- Basic and Applied Research -- 3. Ethical Principles -- The Tuskegee Syphilis Study -- Why Did Ethical Concerns Arise? -- The Belmont Report -- Respect for Persons -- Beneficence -- Justice -- Focus on Ethical Issues in Experimental Research: Deception -- Using Deception in an Ethical Manner -- Focus on Ethical Issues in Quasi-Experimental Research: Confidentiality and Anonymity -- Focus on Ethical Issues in Non-Experimental Research: Participant Observation -- Is Not Doing a Study Ethical? -- The Ethical Review Process -- Closing Thoughts -- 4. Roles and Relations among Researchers, Practitioners, and Participants in Engaged Research -- Roles of Researchers in Work with Practitioners, Policy Makers, and Participants in Social Research -- Action Research Approaches -- Participatory Action Research -- Community-Based Participatory Research -- Importance of Work that Engages Practitioners and Is Relevant to Policy -- Historical Roots of Engaged Research -- Importance of Collaborative Engaged Research -- Prior Social Relations Research Affecting Policy and Practice -- Applied versus Translational Research -- Practical Suggestions for Developing Relations with Policy Makers, Practitioners, and Communities -- Developing Relationships -- Being Aware of and Acknowledging Other Ongoing Research and Partnership Efforts -- Organizing Meetings -- Building Commitment to the Work -- Dynamics of Power in Relationships with Communities -- Communication -- Establishing Timelines for Work and a Work Plan -- Finding Support for the Research -- Illustrative Examples -- 1. Schoolyard Gardens -- 2. After-School Programs -- 5. Research in Laboratory Settings -- When Should the Laboratory Be Used? -- Universalistic versus Particularistic Research Goals -- Basic versus Applied Research -- Examining What Does Happen versus What Would Happen -- Manipulable versus Nonmanipulable Independent Variables -- Short versus Long Time Frames -- Participants' Awareness of the Research -- Types of Laboratory Study -- Impact Studies -- Judgment Studies -- Observational Studies -- Artifact and Artificiality -- The Laboratory and Types of Validity -- "Artificiality" of the Laboratory -- Overcoming Threats to Validity of Laboratory Research -- Elements of a Laboratory Study -- Setting -- Independent Variable -- Manipulation Checks -- Dependent Variable -- Debriefing -- 6. Research in Field and Community-Based Settings -- Levels of Analysis -- Randomization: Pro and Con -- Illustrations of Non-Laboratory Research -- Experimental Research: The Jigsaw Classroom -- Non-Experimental Research: Engaging and Persisting in Volunteerism -- Non-Experimental Research: Impacts of Post-Secondary Education on Inmate Recidivism Rates, an Action Research Study -- Can We Afford Not to Do Applied Research? -- Illustration: Living Downwind of Nuclear Reactors -- Conducting Research in Community Settings -- Cultural Issues -- Control of Extraneous Factors, Statistical and Otherwise
Part II. Research Approaches in Social Relations Research : -- 7. Measurement and Reliability -- From Abstract Concepts to Concrete Representations -- Constructs -- Variables -- Operational Definitions -- Operational Definitions Are Necessary but Rarely Sufficient -- Definitional Operationism -- Measurement Presupposes a Clearly Defined Construct -- Developing Questionnaire Items -- Questions Aimed at Facts -- Questions Aimed at Beliefs or Attitudes -- Questions Aimed at Friendship Patterns and Attitudes toward Specific Others -- Questions Aimed at Behavior -- Question Content: General Issues -- Question Structure -- Expressing All Alternatives -- Avoiding Unwarranted Assumptions -- Open-Ended versus Closed-Ended Questions -- Response Options for Closed-Ended Questions -- Filters and the Assessment of No Opinion -- Question Sequence -- Sequence within a Topic Area -- Item Wording for Sensitive Questions -- Creating Multiple-Item Scales -- Issues Concerning Item Construction in Multiple-Item Scales -- Levels of Measurement -- Nominal -- Ordinal -- Interval -- Ratio -- Types of Multiple-Item Scales -- Differential Scales -- Cumulative Scales -- Summated Scales -- Semantic Differential Scales -- Reliability and Sources of Unreliability -- Test-Retest Reliability -- Internal Consistency Reliability -- Inter-Rater Reliability -- Factors that Affect Reliability -- 8. Evaluating the Construct Validity of Measures -- Using Multiple Methods of Measurement -- Indirect Methods of Measurement -- Collateral Reports -- Observation -- Physiological Measures -- Other Indirect Methods -- Evaluating Construct Validity -- Face Validity -- Content Validity -- Criterion Validity -- Convergent Validity -- Discriminant Validity -- Validity and the Nomological Net -- The Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix -- Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses -- Cultural Issues in Measurement -- 9. Sampling Methods -- Some Basic Definitions and Concepts -- Nonprobability Sampling -- Haphazard Samples -- Quota Samples -- Purposive Samples -- Snowball Samples -- Concluding Thoughts about Nonprobability Sampling -- Probability Sampling -- Simple Random Samples -- Selecting a Random Sample -- Obtaining and Using Random Numbers -- Principles Underlying the Use of Probability Sampling -- Common Errors in Random Sampling -- Stratified Random Sampling -- Cluster Sampling -- Sampling Error -- Random Digit Dial (RDD) Telephone Sampling -- Sampling Elements Other Than People -- 10. Randomized Experiments -- Controlling and Manipulating Variables -- Random Assignment -- Independent Variables that Vary Within and Between Participants -- Threats to Internal Validity -- Selection -- Maturation -- History -- Instrumentation -- Mortality -- Selection by Maturation -- Illustrating Threats to Internal Validity with a Research Example -- Selection -- Selection by Maturation -- Maturation -- History -- Instrumentation -- Mortality -- Construct Validity of Independent Variables in a Randomized Experiment -- Alternative Experimental Designs -- Design 1: Randomized Two-Group Design -- Design 2: Pretest-Posttest Two-Group Design -- Design 3: Solomon Four-Group Design -- Design 4: Between-Participants Factorial Design -- Repeated Measures Designs -- Analyzing Data from Experimental Designs -- Strengths and Weaknesses of Randomized Experiments -- Experimental Artifacts -- External Validity -- The Problem of College Sophomores in the Laboratory -- The Failure of Experiments to Provide Useful Descriptive Data -- 11. Quasi-Experimental and Other Nonrandomized Designs -- Examples of Nonrandomized Designs -- Survey Study -- Quasi-Experimental Intervention Study -- Conditions for Causality -- Illustrative Nonrandomized Designs -- Static-Group Comparison Design -- Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design -- One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design -- Interrupted Time-Series Design -- Replicated Interrupted Time-Series Design -- Single Case/Single Subject Designs -- Regression Effects: Challenges of Matching in Quasi-Experimentation -- Regression Discontinuity Analysis -- Propensity Score Matching -- 12. Non-Experimental Research -- Types of Non-Experimental Research -- Causal Thinking and Correlational Data -- Analyzing Non-Experimental Quantitative Data -- Longitudinal Panel Designs -- Naturalness in Research -- Benefits and Costs of Naturalness -- When Might We Not Need Natural Settings? -- Observational Research -- Unobtrusive Measures Involving Physical Traces -- Systematic Observation -- Relatively Unstructured Methods: Ethological Approaches -- Structured Methods: Checklists or Coding Schemes -- Steps in Conducting an Observation -- Archival Research -- Statistical Records -- Characteristics of Archival Research -- Research Survey Archives -- Verbal Records -- Issues in Archival Research -- 13. Qualitative Research -- Narrative Analysis -- Research Example of Narrative Analysis -- Analyzing and Reporting Narrative Data -- Focus Groups -- How Focus Groups Are Structured and Conducted -- Case Study of the Strategic Use of Focus Groups -- What Focus Groups Can and Cannot Do -- Oral History -- Participant Observation -- Field Notes -- Analyzing Field Notes -- Generalization -- Ethical Concerns -- 14. Survey Research -- Major Components of Survey Research and Sources of Error -- Major Survey Research Designs -- Modes of Data Collection -- Questionnaires -- Face-to-Face Interviews -- Telephone Interviews -- Asking Sensitive Questions -- 15. Evaluation Research -- Background -- Defining Program Evaluation -- Program Evaluation and Accountability -- Steps in an Evaluation -- Summative and Formative Evaluations -- Detailed Description of Stages in Conducting a Program Evaluation -- Developing a Conceptual Model -- Developing Evaluation Questions -- Developing an Evaluation Design -- Collecting Data -- Analyzing Data -- Providing Information to Interested Audiences -- A Quasi-Experimental Program Evaluation: Compensatory Education -- The Politics of Applied and Evaluation Research -- Results with Immediate Impact -- Vested Interests and Competing Criteria -- Technical Decisions with Ideological Consequences -- Clients' and Other Stakeholders' Participation in Evaluations -- Key Terms -- APPENDIX: Criteria for Effective Evaluations -- 16. Mixed Methods Approaches: Learning from Complementary Methods -- Overview -- When to Use Mixed Methods -- Triangulation -- Brief Background of Mixed Methods Approaches -- Types of Mixed Methods Approaches -- Framing Perspectives for Mixed Methods -- Decisions in Selecting the Type of Mixed Methods Design -- Major Types of Mixed Methods Designs -- Convergent Parallel Design -- Explanatory Sequential Design -- Exploratory Sequential Design -- Embedded Design -- Transformative Design -- Multiphase Design -- Wrapping Up -- Part III. Analysis and Writing : -- 17. Critically Reviewing Research Reports and Literatures -- Reviewing Individual Research Studies -- Step One: Read the Abstract -- Step Two: Read the Introduction -- Step Three: Read the Method Section with a Fine-Tooth Comb -- Step Four: Evaluate the Results -- Step Five: Take the Discussion Section with More than a Grain of Salt -- Reviewing Bodies of Research on a Single Topic -- Searching the Literature -- Other Ways of Locating Articles -- Reviewing the Literature: "Traditionally" and Meta-Analytically -- Understanding the Concept of Effect Size: The Foundation of Meta-Analysis -- Coding Studies for a Meta-Analysis -- Coding Other Features of Studies -- Basic Meta-Analytic Tests: Combining and Comparing Studies -- Writing and Reading Meta-Analyses -- 18. Writing the Research Report -- Preface -- Some Preliminary Considerations -- Which Report Should You Write? -- The "Hourglass" Shape of the Report -- Introduction -- What Is the Problem Being Investigated? -- The Literature Review -- Your Study -- Method -- What to Include -- Ethical Issues -- Results -- Setting the Stage -- Presenting the Findings -- Discussion -- Summary or Abstract -- Some Suggestions on Procedure and Style -- Accuracy and Clarity -- Work from an Outline -- Write Simply. Use Examples. Use Friends as Reviewers -- Omit Needless Words -- Avoid Metacomments on the Writing -- Use Repetition and Parallel Construction -- Be Compulsive. Be Willing to Restructure -- Person and Voice -- Tense -- Avoid Language Bias
Summary "Research Methods in Social Relations, 8th Edition, features a series of updates and revisions in its comprehensive introduction to current research methods in the social and behavioural sciences. Offers comprehensive coverage of a wide variety of traditional and topical research methods; Addresses many newer research approaches such as propensity score matching, mixed methods designs, and confirmatory factor analysis; Written to be accessible to a range of social and behavioural science disciplines, including public health, political science, sociology, and psychology; Includes new chapters that engage readers in critical thinking about the processes involved in building sustainable partnerships in field and community settings"--EBL
Notes Includes index
Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index
Notes Print version record and CIP data provided by publisher
Subject Social sciences -- Research -- Methodology
Social sciences -- Research -- Methodology.
Form Electronic book
Author Ryan, Carey S
LC no. 2014047340
ISBN 9781118764985
1118764986
9781118764992
1118764994