| Table of Contents |
| | Part I Exploring and Working in the Nanoworld | |
| 1. | Seeing and Moving Atoms | 3 |
| 1.1. | Atoms Can Be Seen | 3 |
| 1.2. | Atoms Can Be Moved | 8 |
| 1.3. | Microscopy | 9 |
| 1.3.1. | Transmission Electron Microscopy | 10 |
| 1.4. | Synchrotron and Neutron Facilities | 13 |
| 1.4.1. | Synchrotron Radiation | 15 |
| 1.4.2. | Neutron Probes | 18 |
| 1.5. | Conclusion | 22 |
| 2. | Making Nano-Objects | 23 |
| 2.1. | The Top-Down Approach | 24 |
| 2.1.1. | Photoresists | 25 |
| 2.1.2. | e-Beam Lithography | 27 |
| 2.1.3. | Block Copolymer Nanolithography | 28 |
| 2.1.4. | Pen Nanolithography | 29 |
| 2.2. | On-Wire Lithography | 30 |
| 2.2.1. | Nanoimprint Lithography | 31 |
| 2.3. | Nanochemistry | 32 |
| 2.4. | Langmuir-Blodgett Films | 33 |
| 2.5. | Self-assembled Monolayers | 34 |
| 2.6. | Conclusion | 36 |
| 3. | Quantum and Mesoscopic Physics | 37 |
| 3.1. | Quantum Mechanics | 37 |
| 3.1.1. | Postulates of Quantum Mechanics | 38 |
| 3.1.2. | Measurement | 40 |
| 3.1.3. | Quantization | 41 |
| 3.1.4. | Uncertainty Principle | 42 |
| 3.1.5. | Spin | 43 |
| 3.1.6. | Quantum Numbers | 43 |
| 3.1.7. | Quantum Tunneling | 45 |
| 3.1.8. | Bosons and Fermions | 45 |
| 3.2. | Mesoscopic Physics | 46 |
| 3.3. | Conclusion | 48 |
| | Part II Nanomaterials | |
| 4. | Nanomaterials: Doing More with Less | 55 |
| 4.1. | Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches | 56 |
| 4.1.1. | Top-Down Approaches | 56 |
| 4.1.2. | Bottom-Up Approach | 56 |
| 4.1.3. | Two Approaches with the Same Goal | 57 |
| 4.1.4. | The Nanobulk Stage (10-15 years) | 58 |
| 4.1.5. | The Nanoworld Stage (15-40 years) | 59 |
| 4.2. | Nanostructuration | 61 |
| 4.3. | Classifying Nanostructured Materials | 62 |
| 4.4. | Nanostructured Materials | 64 |
| 4.4.1. | Nanocrystalline Materials | 66 |
| 4.4.2. | Dendrimers | 67 |
| 4.4.3. | Metal Organic Frameworks | 68 |
| 4.4.4. | Nanocomposites | 69 |
| 5. | New Forms of Carbon and New Opportunities | 71 |
| 5.1. | New Forms of Carbon | 71 |
| 5.1.1. | Buckyballs | 71 |
| 5.1.2. | Nanotubes | 73 |
| 5.1.3. | Graphene | 75 |
| 5.2. | Applications | 77 |
| 5.2.1. | Buckyballs | 77 |
| 5.2.2. | Carbon Nanotubes | 79 |
| 5.2.3. | Graphene | 83 |
| 6. | Nanoengineering for Material Technology | 85 |
| 6.1. | Structural Nanomaterials | 86 |
| 6.1.1. | Metallic Materials | 88 |
| 6.1.2. | Ceramic Materials | 88 |
| 6.1.3. | Polymers | 90 |
| 6.1.4. | Nanostructured Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials | 91 |
| 6.1.5. | Engineering with Nanostructural Materials | 91 |
| 6.2. | Functional Nanomaterials | 92 |
| 6.2.1. | Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanomaterials | 93 |
| 6.2.2. | Nanostructured Composites | 94 |
| 6.2.3. | Asymmetric Nanoheterostructures | 96 |
| 6.2.4. | From Smart to Intelligent Coatings/Surfaces | 96 |
| 6.2.5. | Intelligent Nanomaterials Systems | 99 |
| 6.3. | Biomaterials | 100 |
| | Part III Nanotechnology for Information and Communication Technologies | |
| 7. | From Microelectronics to Nanoelectronics | 109 |
| 7.1. | Shrinking the Components | 109 |
| 7.2. | Moore's Law | 110 |
| 7.3. | Smart Systems | 111 |
| 7.4. | Transistors | 112 |
| 7.5. | Smaller, Faster, Cheaper | 114 |
| 7.6. | Limiting Issues | 117 |
| 7.7. | Memories | 117 |
| 7.7.1. | More and More Storage Capacities | 118 |
| 7.7.2. | New Memory Technologies | 120 |
| 7.8. | Displays | 124 |
| 8. | Major Trends in Nanoelectronics | 127 |
| 8.1. | More Moore | 127 |
| 8.2. | More than Moore | 131 |
| 8.3. | Heterogeneous Integration | 133 |
| 8.4. | Beyond CMOS | 134 |
| 9. | Emerging Quantum Devices | 139 |
| 9.1. | Beyond the Quantum Wall | 140 |
| 9.2. | Coulomb Blockade | 140 |
| 9.3. | The Single Electron Transistor | 145 |
| 9.4. | Applications of Single Electron Transistors | 146 |
| 9.5. | Quantum Dots | 147 |
| 9.6. | Spintronics | 149 |
| 9.7. | Quantum Computing | 153 |
| 9.8. | Nanophotonics | 154 |
| 9.8.1. | Controlling Light | 155 |
| 9.8.2. | Photonic Crystals | 156 |
| 9.8.3. | Plasmonics | 160 |
| 9.8.4. | Metamaterials | 162 |
| 10. | Molecular Electronics | 165 |
| 10.1. | Electronic Conduction | 167 |
| 10.2. | The Electrodes | 170 |
| 10.3. | Nanowires | 170 |
| 10.4. | Molecular Diode | 172 |
| 10.5. | 3-Terminal Device | 173 |
| 10.6. | Conducting Polymers | 173 |
| 10.7. | Oligomers | 174 |
| 10.8. | Polymer Conduction | 175 |
| 10.9. | Self-assembled Monolayers | 176 |
| 10.10. | Conclusion | 177 |
| | Part IV Healthcare | |
| 11. | Diagnostics | 189 |
| 11.1. | Diagnosis and Imaging | 191 |
| 11.2. | From Biochips to Cells-on-Chips | 195 |
| 11.2.1. | A Need for Biosensors | 195 |
| 11.2.2. | Biochips | 196 |
| 11.2.3. | Labs-on-Chips | 199 |
| 11.2.4. | Cells-on-Chips | 203 |
| 11.3. | Conclusion | 206 |
| 12. | Therapeutics and Regenerative Medicine | 209 |
| 12.1. | Therapeutics | 209 |
| 12.1.1. | Improved Drug Delivery | 209 |
| 12.1.2. | Delivery Routes | 212 |
| 12.2. | Regenerative Medicine | 217 |
| 12.2.1. | The Quest for Biomaterials | 218 |
| 12.2.2. | Biomimetics | 219 |
| 12.2.3. | Cell Therapy | 219 |
| 12.2.4. | Implants | 220 |
| 12.2.5. | Nanotechnology in Surgery | 223 |
| 12.2.6. | Wound Dressing and Smart Textiles | 224 |
| 12.3. | Nanotechnology in Dentistry | 224 |
| 12.3.1. | Nanomaterials for Prevention of Caries | 225 |
| 12.3.2. | Materials for Tooth Repair and Restoration | 226 |
| 12.3.3. | Engineering Dental Implants | 226 |
| 12.3.4. | Reconstruction of Hard and Soft Periodontal Tissues | 227 |
| 12.3.5. | Engineering Tooth Development | 228 |
| 12.3.6. | Salivary and Respiratory Diagnostics | 228 |
| 12.3.7. | Conclusion | 228 |
| 12.4. | Nanopharmacology | 229 |
| 12.5. | Conclusion | 231 |
| 13. | Nanotechnologies in Agriculture and Food | 233 |
| 13.1. | Agricultural Production | 233 |
| 13.2. | Food Processing | 236 |
| 13.3. | Packaging | 239 |
| 13.4. | Distribution and Transportation | 242 |
| 13.5. | Food Safety | 244 |
| 13.6. | Conclusion | 245 |
| | Part V Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering | |
| 14. | Sensors for Measuring and Monitoring | 255 |
| 14.1. | NEMS Technology Development and Applications | 255 |
| 14.2. | Nanotechnologies for Detection and Monitoring | 257 |
| 14.3. | Overview of the Possibilities for Nanosensors | 259 |
| 14.3.1. | Health Care | 260 |
| 14.3.2. | Clothing Industry | 261 |
| 14.3.3. | Sensors in the Automotive Industry | 261 |
| 14.3.4. | Oil and Gas Exploitation | 261 |
| 14.3.5. | Security | 261 |
| 14.3.6. | Smart Structures | 262 |
| 14.3.7. | Sensors for Environmental Monitoring | 263 |
| 14.3.8. | Food Science | 264 |
| 14.3.9. | Environmental Pollution | 264 |
| 14.3.10. | Farming Industry | 265 |
| 14.4. | Conclusion | 266 |
| 15. | Nanotechnology Applications for Air and Soil | 267 |
| 15.1. | Nanotechnology for Air Purification (Artificial Environment Hazards) | 267 |
| 15.2. | Aerosols Nanoparticles | 268 |
| 15.3. | Aerosols Nanoparticles and Climate Change | 271 |
| 15.4. | Soil Remediation | 280 |
| 15.5. | Conclusion | 281 |
| 16. | Water Demands for Nanotechnology | 283 |
| 16.1. | Nanotechnology Opportunities | 284 |
| 16.2. | Nanofiltration and Membrane Processes | 285 |
| 16.3. | Nanostructured Ceramic Membranes | 285 |
| 16.4. | Photocatalysis: Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Membranes | 287 |
| 16.5. | Adsorption Mechanism | 287 |
| 16.6. | Nanosensors in Water Analysis | 288 |
| 16.7. | Removal of Nanoparticles Used in the Purification Process | 288 |
| 16.8. | Conclusion | 289 |
| | Part VI Nanotechnology and Daily Life | |
| 17. | Products for the Home of the Future | 295 |
| 17.1. | Household Innovation | 295 |
| 17.1.1. | Cleaning and Cleanliness | 295 |
| 17.1.2. | An Energy-Efficient Home | 297 |
| 17.1.3. | Sport and Nanotechnology | 299 |
| 17.2. | Personal Hygiene | 299 |
| 17.2.1. | Nanotechnology and Textiles | 301 |
| 17.3. | Healthcare | 301 |
| 17.3.1. | Vaccination and Drug Delivery | 301 |
| 17.3.2. | Sunscreens and Skin Protection | 302 |
| 17.3.3. | Nanoatomizer | 305 |
| 17.4. | Nanofoodstuffs | 305 |
| 17.4.1. | Food and Nanotechnology | 306 |
| 17.4.2. | Packaging | 308 |
| 17.4.3. | Drinks | 308 |
| 17.5. | Conclusion | 309 |
| 18. | Nanomaterials and Cosmetics | 311 |
| 18.1. | Sunscreens | 312 |
| 18.2. | Cosmetics Delivery | 313 |
| 18.3. | Safety Aspects of Cosmetics | 317 |
| 18.4. | Conclusion | 319 |
| 19. | Nanotechnology for the Textile Industry | 321 |
| 19.1. | Toward New Textiles | 321 |
| 19.1.1. | Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites | 321 |
| 19.1.2. | Self-cleaning and Dirt-Free Textiles | 322 |
| 19.1.3. | Medical Textiles | 323 |
| 19.1.4. | Security, Safety, and Military Textiles | 324 |
| 19.1.5. | Textiles for Automotive Applications | 324 |
| 19.1.6. | Smart Textiles | 325 |
| 19.2. | Finishing Treatments | 326 |
| 19.3. | Conclusion | 328 |
| | Part VII Energy and Nanotechnology | |
| 20. | Nanotechnology and the Energy Challenge | 337 |
| 20.1. | The Energy Challenge | 337 |
| 20.2. | Nanotechnology and Fossil Fuels | 339 |
| 20.2.1. | Petroleum Refining | 339 |
| 20.2.2. | Syngas | 341 |
| 20.3. | Nanotechnology and Renewable Energies | 342 |
| 20.3.1. | Solar Energy | 343 |
| 20.3.2. | Nanostructured Photovoltaics | 345 |
| 20.3.3. | Wind Energy | 346 |
| 20.3.4. | Thermoelectricity | 346 |
| 20.4. | Energy Vectors | 347 |
| 20.4.1. | Electricity | 347 |
| 20.4.2. | Hydrogen | 349 |
| 20.5. | Energy Storage | 351 |
| 20.5.1. | Electrochemical Storage | 351 |
| 20.5.2. | Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage | 352 |
| 20.6. | Smart Energy Consumption | 352 |
| 20.7. | Conclusion | 354 |
| 21. | Housing | 357 |
| 21.1. | Nanotechnology in Construction Engineering | 357 |
| 21.1.1. | Potential for Nanoconcrete Materials | 360 |
| 21.1.2. | Nanocements and Concrete Developments | 360 |
| 21.1.3. | Smart Materials: Building Materials with Multiple Benefits | 363 |
| 21.1.4. | Nanofillers in Construction Engineering | 365 |
| 21.1.5. | Textiles in Construction | 366 |
| 21.1.6. | Technical Ceramic Materials | 366 |
| 21.2. | Nanotechnology Inside Housing | 367 |
| 21.2.1. | Insulation | 368 |
| 21.2.2. | Nanoporous Materials | 368 |
| 21.2.3. | Radiation Insulation | 370 |
| 21.2.4. | Windows | 371 |
| 21.3. | Nanocoatings | 372 |
| 21.3.1. | Self-cleaning | 373 |
| 21.3.2. | Nanoprotection | 374 |
| 21.4. | Conclusion | 375 |
| 22. | Road Transport | 377 |
| 22.1. | Improving Mobility | 377 |
| 22.2. | New Functionalities | 378 |
| 22.3. | Outside a Car | 380 |
| 22.3.1. | Body Parts | 380 |
| 22.3.2. | Tires | 380 |
| 22.3.3. | Gluing | 381 |
| 22.3.4. | Car Protection | 381 |
| 22.3.5. | Windows and Optics | 382 |
| 22.4. | Inside a Car | 383 |
| 22.4.1. | Nanofilters | 383 |
| 22.4.2. | Nano-Enabled Automotive Textiles> | 383 |
| 22.4.3. | Self-cleaning | 384 |
| 22.5. | Power Train | 384 |
| 22.5.1. | Improving Combustion | 384 |
| 22.5.2. | Exhaust Emissions | 385 |
| 22.5.3. | Switchable Materials | 385 |
| 22.5.4. | Supercapacitors | 385 |
| 22.5.5. | Batteries | 385 |
| 22.5.6. | Fuel Cells | 386 |
| 22.6. | Conclusion | 386 |
| | Part VIII Nanotechnology in Industry, Defense, and Security | |
| 23. | Nanomaterials in Industrial Application | 393 |
| 23.1. | Electronics, Information, and Communication | 393 |
| 23.2. | Materials | 394 |
| 23.3. | High-Value Industries | 394 |
| 23.4. | Manufacturing and Processing Industries | 396 |
| 23.5. | Meeting Food and Water Demand | 397 |
| 23.6. | Energy | 397 |
| 23.7. | Security | 397 |
| 23.8. | Consumer Products | 399 |
| 23.9. | HealthCare Industries | 399 |
| 23.10. | Magnetic Nanopaper | 400 |
| 23.11. | NanoAdhesives | 401 |
| 23.12. | Conclusion | 402 |
| 24. | Nanocatalysts: Fascinating Opportunities | 403 |
| 24.1. | What Is a Catalyst? | 403 |
| 24.2. | Catalysis and Nanoscience | 405 |
| 24.3. | Catalysis Engineering | 407 |
| 24.4. | What Can Emerge from the Nanoscience of Catalysis? | 409 |
| 24.5. | Conclusion | 410 |
| 25. | Nanotechnology for Defense and Security | 413 |
| 25.1. | Detection | 413 |
| 25.1.1. | Chemical Detection | 414 |
| 25.1.2. | Biological Detection | 416 |
| 25.1.3. | Radiological and Nuclear Weapons | 416 |
| 25.1.4. | Explosives | 417 |
| 25.1.5. | Narcotics | 418 |
| 25.1.6. | Counterfeiting | 419 |
| 25.2. | Response | 419 |
| 25.2.1. | Prompt Response | 419 |
| 25.2.2. | Decontamination | 421 |
| 25.2.3. | Forensics | 421 |
| 25.3. | Protection | 423 |
| 25.3.1. | Protection of people | 423 |
| 25.3.2. | Protection of Infrastructure and Equipment | 424 |
| 25.3.3. | Anti-counterfeiting | 425 |
| 25.3.4. | Authentication | 425 |
| 25.3.5. | Identification | 426 |
| 25.4. | Nanotechnology and Military Applications | 426 |
| 25.4.1. | Military and Dual Nanotechnology Applications | 426 |
| 25.4.2. | Nanotechnology for Human Beings | 428 |
| 25.4.3. | Mobility | 430 |
| 25.4.4. | Weapons | 431 |
| 25.5. | Conclusion | 431 |
| | Part IX Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Risks for Society | |
| 26. | Risks and Toxicity of Nanoparticles | 439 |
| 26.1. | Risks and Hazards | 439 |
| 26.2. | Engineered Nanoparticles and Human Health | 442 |
| 26.3. | Toxicity and Risks | 444 |
| 26.4. | Conclusion | 447 |
| 27. | Protection of Society and Economical Aspects | 449 |
| 27.1. | Nanomaterials Technology: Safety and Security for the Protection of Society | 449 |
| 27.1.1. | Nanosafety Applications | 449 |
| 27.1.2. | Protection Technologies | 451 |
| 27.1.3. | Nanoelectronics: Energy Source | 452 |
| 27.1.4. | Industrial Challenges | 452 |
| 27.2. | Business Aspects and Marketing of Nanotechnologies | 454 |
| 27.3. | Conclusion | 456 |
| 28. | Social Impact of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: A Perspective | 459 |
| 28.1. | Great Challenges, Promises, and Benefits of Nanomaterials Science and Technology | 460 |
| 28.2. | Positive Effects and Social Benefits of Micro and Nanotechnologies | 461 |
| 28.3. | Societal Acceptance of Micro and Nanotechnology Innovation | 462 |
| 28.4. | Uncertainties, Risks, Incidental Concerns, and Societal Implications of Nanomaterials | 464 |
| 28.4.1. | Uncertainties | 464 |
| 28.4.2. | Relevant Existing Regulatory Standards for Safety | 464 |
| 28.5. | Strategies for Improving Governance Practices Associated with Nanotechnologies | 465 |
| 28.6. | Conclusion | 466 |
| | Part X Outlook | |
| 29. | Outlook | 473 |
| 29.1. | Nano-Objects | 474 |
| 29.2. | Nanomaterials | 476 |
| 29.3. | Nanotechnology in the Home | 478 |
| 29.4. | Nanotechnology in the Industry | 479 |
| 29.5. | Nanoelectronics | 480 |
| 29.6. | Human Health and Aging | 482 |
| 29.7. | Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture | 484 |
| 29.8. | Secure, Clean, and Efficient Energy | 485 |
| 29.9. | Smart, Green, and Integrated Transport | 486 |
| 29.10. | Resource Efficiency and Climate Change Action | 487 |
| 29.11. | Inclusive, Innovative, and Secure Societies | 488 |
| 29.12. | Cleaning and Purification | 488 |
| 29.13. | Summary | 489 |
| | Bibliography | 491 |
| | Index | 495 |
