Table of Contents |
| Acknowledgements | vi |
Part I. | Before You Begin | |
| 1 | The Book, the People, the Places | 3 |
| | | Who Should Use This Book | 4 |
| | | About the Book | 5 |
| | | About the People and the Places in the Book | 7 |
| 2 | Social Research: the Big Debate | 12 |
| | | How Do We Know About the World? | 14 |
| | | Is Social Science a Science? | 21 |
| | | Where Does Theory Fit In? | 23 |
Part II. | Getting Ready to Do Research | |
| 3 | What Will You Study? | 31 |
| | | Finding Your Research Idea | 32 |
| | | Clarifying the Goals and Purpose of Your Research | 33 |
| | | Choosing Your Perspective | 35 |
| 4 | Do You Want to Describe Something? | 44 |
| | | Etic Approach | 44 |
| | | Developing a Rough Research Idea and Refining It | 45 |
| | | Creating a Research Statement or Hypothesis | 46 |
| | | Identifying the Sub-topics for Study | 48 |
| | | Putting the Outline in Perspective | 53 |
| | | Making Decisions About Sources of Information | 57 |
| | | Making Decisions About Information-Gathering Techniques | 59 |
| | | Emic Approach | 60 |
| 5 | Do You Want to Explain or Predict Something? | 68 |
| | | Cause and Effect Studies | 69 |
| | | Experimental Designs | 71 |
| | | Causation | 79 |
| | | Choosing Your Experimental Design | 87 |
| | | Analytical Survey Designs | 88 |
| 6 | Who Will be in Your Study? | 94 |
| | | Probability Sampling | 95 |
| | | Non-probability Sampling | 99 |
| | | Sample Size | 102 |
| | | Sampling and Non-sampling Errors | 103 |
Part III. | Techniques and Strategies | |
| 7 | Choosing your techniques and strategies | 107 |
| | | Your Research Strategy | 107 |
| | | Your Research Techniques | 111 |
| | | Style | 120 |
| | | Working With 'Insiders' and Learning From Their Knowledge | 124 |
| | | Ethics | 124 |
| 8 | Getting Help From the Library and the Internet | 128 |
| | | The Library | 130 |
| | | The Internet | 132 |
| 9 | Giving a Survey | 149 |
| | | Surveys and Questionnaires | 150 |
| | | Mini Surveys | 154 |
| | | Postal Surveys and Drop-off Surveys | 176 |
| | | Telephone Surveys | 179 |
| | | Special Considerations for Non-Western Cultural Groups | 180 |
| | | Looking Back at Our Interview | 180 |
| 10 | Using Measures, Scales, and Indices | 183 |
| | | Using Scales and Indices | 183 |
| | | Some Warnings | 185 |
| | | Types of Scales | 187 |
| 11 | Interviewing People | 198 |
| | | Introduction to Qualitative Techniques | 198 |
| | | Unstructured or Informal Interviewing | 199 |
| | | Cultural Bias | 208 |
| 12 | Using Case Studies and Participant Observation | 215 |
| | | Case Studies | 215 |
| | | Participant Observation | 217 |
| 13 | Trying Some Other Qualitative Approaches | 228 |
| | | Story Completion or Sentence Completion Devices | 228 |
| | | Pictures | 229 |
| | | Games | 230 |
| | | Traditional Stories | 231 |
| | | Drawing | 231 |
| | | Role-play and Figures | 232 |
| | | Content Analysis | 232 |
| 14 | Doing Participatory Research | 236 |
| | | Rapid Rural Appraisal and Participatory Learning and Action | 237 |
| | | Uses of RRA and PLA | 239 |
| | | Comparisons With Conventional Methods | 239 |
| | | Stages in an RRA Project | 240 |
| | | Stages in a PLA Project | 243 |
| | | Analyzing RRA and PLA findings | 243 |
| | | A Sample PLA Project | 243 |
| | | Advantages, Disadvantages, and Dangers of RRA and PLA | 265 |
| | | The Philosophical and Ideological Foundations of RRA and PLA | 266 |
| | | How You Can Use RRA and PRA as Part of a Larger Study | 267 |
| | | PLA Sources and Contacts | 267 |
| 15 | Organizing Your Qualitative Information | 270 |
| | | Written Notes | 270 |
| | | Tape Recording | 281 |
| | | Video Recording | 281 |
| | | Conclusion | 282 |
Part IV. | Making Sense of Your Results | |
| 16 | Analyzing Your Qualitative Information | 287 |
| | | Ways to Look at Your Material | 288 |
| | | Stages of Data Analysis | 290 |
| | | Computer Programs for Qualitative Analysis | 308 |
| | | What Next? | 308 |
| 17 | Quantitative Analysis | 311 |
| | | Univariate Analysis: Frequency Distributions | 313 |
| | | Bivariate Analysis: Association and Correlation | 323 |
| | | Using Descriptive Statistics | 333 |
| | | Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Data | 335 |
| 18 | Sharing Your Findings | 338 |
| | | Report, Talk, or Workshop? | 339 |
| | | Length | 340 |
| | | Balancing the Emphases in the Report | 340 |
| | | Format | 344 |
| | | Circulating the Study | 349 |
| | | Using the Results | 351 |
Appendix | Grid for Assessing a Problem | 354 |
| Index | 359 |