Title Continuous-Time Digital Front-Ends for Multistandard Wireless Transmission / Pieter A.J. Nuyts, Patrick Reynaert, Wim Dehaene

Published Cham : Springer, 2014

Table of Contents
1.	Introduction					1
1.1.	Situation and Motivation					1
1.1.1.	Towards Software-Defined Radio					3
1.1.2.	Towards Fully Integrated CMOS Transceivers					6
1.1.3.	Switched-Mode Power Amplification					7
1.1.4.	Towards Fully Digital Transmitters					8
1.1.5.	The Bandpass Filter					9
1.1.6.	Frequency Range					10
1.1.7.	Continuous-Time Digital Circuits					10
1.1.8.	Summary					12
1.2.	Outline of this Book					13
	References					14
2.	Digital Transmitter Architectures: Overview					15
2.1.	Modulation					15
2.1.1.	Traditional Analog Modulation Schemes					16
2.1.2.	General Modulated Signal and Complex Representation					17
2.1.3.	Single-Carrier Digital Modulation Schemes					18
2.1.4.	OFDM					21
2.1.5.	Conclusion					24
2.2.	Power Amplifier					24
2.2.1.	Switched-Mode Power Amplifiers					24
2.2.2.	Differential PA and Power Combining					28
2.3.	Modulator Types					29
2.3.1.	Quadrature Modulator					29
2.3.2.	Polar Modulator					32
2.3.3.	Outphasing Modulator					35
2.4.	Types of 1-bit Coding					37
2.4.1.	Baseband Delta-Sigma Modulation					37
2.4.2.	Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulation					40
2.4.3.	Baseband PWM					41
2.4.4.	RF PWM					43
2.4.5.	Other Coding Schemes					45
2.4.6.	Multibit Noise Shaping					45
2.5.	Conclusion					46
	References					47
3.	High-Level Analysis of Fully Digital PWM Transmitters					51
3.1.	Phase Modulation					52
3.1.1.	Ideal Phase Modulation					53
3.1.2.	Phase Modulation on Square Wave					54
3.1.3.	Effects of Quantization					56
3.1.4.	Effects of Sampling					58
3.1.5.	Complete PMC Spectrum					60
3.2.	General PWM Theory					62
3.2.1.	Definition of PWM					62
3.2.2.	Types of Pulse Width Modulators					63
3.2.3.	Expressions for PWM Signals and Spectra					64
3.3.	Trailing-Edge Baseband PWM					68
3.3.1.	Ideal Baseband PWM Spectrum					69
3.3.2.	Effects of Quantization					71
3.3.3.	Effects of Sampling					72
3.4.	Polar Transmitter with Baseband PWM					72
3.4.1.	Complete Signal Spectrum					72
3.4.2.	In-Band Noise Terms					76
3.4.3.	Out-of-Band Distortion Term					80
3.4.4.	Intermodulation Terms					80
3.4.5.	Summary					88
3.4.6.	Simulation Results					89
3.5.	Double-Edge RF PWM					95
3.5.1.	Trailing-Edge Versus Double-Edge RF PWM					96
3.5.2.	Required Transformations on the AM Signal					99
3.5.3.	Adding Phase Modulation					100
3.5.4.	Differential RF PWM					101
3.5.5.	Ideal RF PWM Spectrum					103
3.5.6.	Effects of Quantization					104
3.5.7.	Effects of Sampling					106
3.6.	Polar Transmitter with RF PWM					108
3.6.1.	Complete Signal Spectrum					108
3.6.2.	In-Band Noise Terms					109
3.6.3.	Out-of-Band Distortion Terms					111
3.6.4.	Summary					112
3.6.5.	Simulation Results					112
3.7.	Multilevel PWM					117
3.7.1.	Multilevel Baseband PWM					118
3.7.2.	Multilevel RF PWM					121
3.8.	Conclusion					122
	References					122
4.	Continuous-Time Digital Design Techniques					125
4.1.	Motivation and Comparison					125
4.2.	Applications of Continuous-Time Digital Circuits					127
4.2.1.	Time-to-Digital Conversion					127
4.2.2.	Digital-to-Time Conversion					129
4.2.3.	Applications of TDC and DTC Circuits					131
4.3.	Delay Lines					132
4.3.1.	The Inverter Chain					132
4.3.2.	Noninverting Delay Elements					134
4.3.3.	Differential Delay Elements					135
4.3.4.	Conclusion					136
4.4.	Achieving Sub-Gate-Delay Resolution					137
4.4.1.	Passive Delay Lines					137
4.4.2.	Resistive Interpolation					138
4.4.3.	Other Implementations for Sub-Gate-Delay Resolution					142
4.5.	Tuning the Unit Delay					143
4.5.1.	Supply Modulation					143
4.5.2.	Adding a Variable Load					144
4.5.3.	Adding Control Transistors					145
4.5.4.	Conclusion					146
4.6.	Ensuring Correct Delay					146
4.6.1.	Symmetry and Matching					147
4.6.2.	Global Process Variations and Locking					147
4.6.3.	Local Process Variations					151
4.6.4.	Pulse Swallowing and Pulse Shrinking					157
4.7.	Basic Building Blocks for Continuous-Time Digital Circuits					159
4.7.1.	Symmetrical NAND/NOR Gates					159
4.7.2.	Multiplexer-Based Gates					162
4.7.3.	XOR Gates					163
4.7.4.	Multiplexers					167
4.8.	Design Flow					175
4.8.1.	High-Level Matlab Model					176
4.8.2.	Transistor-Level Simulations					180
4.8.3.	Layout and Parasitic Extraction					181
4.8.4.	Remark: HDL Simulations					182
4.9.	Conclusion					183
	References					183
5.	A 65-nm CMOS Fully Digital Reconfigurable Transmitter Front-End for Class-E PA Based on Baseband PWM					187
5.1.	Architecture Overview					187
5.2.	Implementation					190
5.2.1.	Delay Elements					190
5.2.2.	Locking and Multistandard Support					194
5.2.3.	Multiplexers					196
5.2.4.	Symmetrical NAND and NOR Gates					198
5.2.5.	XOR Gates					198
5.2.6.	Layout					199
5.3.	Operating Modes and System Parameters					200
5.4.	Measurement Results					201
5.4.1.	Measurements on Transmitter Front-End					202
5.4.2.	Measurements with Power Amplifier					208
5.4.3.	Power Consumption					215
5.5.	Conclusion					216
	References					217
6.	A 40-nm CMOS Fully Digital Reconfigurable Transmitter with Class-D PAs Using Baseband and RF PWM					219
6.1.	Architecture Overview					219
6.1.1.	Baseband PWM System					219
6.1.2.	RF PWM System					220
6.1.3.	Combined System					223
6.2.	Implementation					224
6.2.1.	Delay Elements					226
6.2.2.	Locking Mechanism					228
6.2.3.	Multiplexers					230
6.2.4.	XOR Gates					231
6.2.5.	Single-Ended to Differential Conversion					231
6.2.6.	Signal and Clock Gating					232
6.2.7.	Layout					233
6.3.	Operating Modes and System Parameters					233
6.4.	Measurement Results					234
6.4.1.	Baseband PWM Front-End					234
6.4.2.	RF PWM Front-End					241
6.5.	Conclusion					253
	References					253
7.	Conclusions and Future Work					255
7.1.	Which Transmitter Architecture to Choose?					255
7.2.	Is Continuous-Time Digital Hardware Necessary?					259
7.3.	Comparison to State-of-the-Art					261
7.4.	Future Work					266
7.4.1.	Digital Transmitter Architectures					266
7.4.2.	Continuous-Time Building Blocks					270
7.4.3.	Design Flow					273
7.4.4.	Spectral Analysis					273
	References					273
Appendix A	Definitions, Conventions and Overview of Used Theory					277
Appendix B	Derivations and Considerations Regarding PWM					297
	Index					305

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Description 1 online resource (xxv, 309 pages) : illustrations (some color) Series Analog Circuits and Signal Processing, 1872-082X Analog circuits and signal processing series, 1872-082X Contents Digital Transmitter Architectures: Overview -- High-Level Analysis of Fully Digital PWM Transmitters -- Continuous-time Digital Design Techniques -- A 65-nm CMOS Fully Digital Reconfigurable Transmitter Front-End for Class-E PA based on Baseband PWM -- A 40-nm CMOS Fully Digital Reconfigurable Transmitter with Class-D Pas using Baseband and RF PWM -- Conclusions and Future Work Summary This book describes the design of fully digital multistandard transmitter front-ends which can directly drive one or more switching power amplifiers, thus eliminating all other analog components. After reviewing different architectures, the authors focus on polar architectures using pulse width modulation (PWM), which are entirely based on unclocked delay lines and other continuous-time digital hardware. As a result, readers are enabled to shift accuracy concerns from the voltage domain to the time domain, to coincide with submicron CMOS technology scaling. The authors present different architectural options and compare them, based on their effect on the signal and spectrum quality. Next, a high-level theoretical analysis of two different PWM-based architectures baseband PWM and RF PWM is made. On the circuit level, traditional digital components and design techniques are revisited from the point of view of continuous-time digital circuits. Important design criteria are identified and different solutions are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, two chips designed in nanometer CMOS technologies are described, along with measurement results for validation Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index Notes Online resource; title from PDF title page (SpringerLink, viewed January 6, 2014) Print version record Subject Pulse-duration modulation. Metal oxide semiconductors, Complementary. Radio frequency integrated circuits. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Mechanical. Ingénierie. Metal oxide semiconductors, Complementary Pulse-duration modulation Radio frequency integrated circuits Form Electronic book Author Reynaert, Patrick, author. Dehaene, Wim, author. ISBN 9783319039251 3319039253 3319039245 9783319039244

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