| Description |
1 online resource |
| Series |
Archaeopress archaeology |
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Archaeopress archaeology.
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| Contents |
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents Page -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Introduction -- The archaeological contexts -- The Acheulo-Yabrudian cultural complex -- Figure 1.1: Qesem Cave and other relevant archaeological sites, divided into Acheulo-Yabrudian sites and Acheulian sites. -- Amudian laminar production -- The Quina technique -- Handaxes in the Acheulo-Yabrudian cultural complex -- Qesem Cave -- The faunal remains at Qesem Cave -- The lithic industries of Qesem Cave -- The blades of Qesem Cave -- The handaxes of Qesem Cave -- Quina and demi-Quina scrapers at Qesem Cave -- The human remains -- Previous studies of lithic procurement and exploitation at Qesem Cave -- Geological background -- What is flint? -- The formation of flint -- The composition of flint -- The mechanical traits of flint -- The visual traits of flint -- The geo-settings of Qesem Cave -- Flint-bearing outcrops around QC -- Figure 1.2: Flint-bearing outcrops around QC. -- Archaeological raw material studies -- The reliability of macroscopic flint type classifications -- Lithic procurement and exploitation strategies in the archaeological record of the levant -- Lithic procurement and exploitation strategies in the ethnographic record -- Lithic direct procurement versus embedded procurement -- Research goals -- Materials and Methods -- Materials -- The selected assemblages -- Table 2.1: The assemblages analyzed, the sample size (number of items), sediment volume, and artifact density. -- Table 2.2: A breakdown of the analyzed assemblages by technological categories. -- Figure 2.1: Spatial distribution of the analyzed assemblages (and see details in Tables 2.1 and 2.2). -- Figure 2.2: Spatial distribution of the assemblages of the Quina and demi-Quina assemblages (and see details in Table 2.3) |
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Table 2.3: The scrapers analyzed: scraper type, assemblage and the industry associated with the assemblage. -- The Quina and demi-Quina scrapers sample -- Table 2.4: The bifaces assemblage of Qesem Cave, with their stratigraphic origin, the assemblage to which they are assigned, and their sub-category. -- The bifaces assemblage -- Methods -- Macroscopic classification -- Figure 2.3: Spatial distribution of the QC bifaces (and see details in Table 2.4). -- Criteria for macroscopic classification -- Analysis of the bifaces -- Geologic flint sources survey -- Petrographic thin section analysis -- Geochemical analysis -- Table 2.5: The geologic samples for the geochemical analysis. -- Table 2.6: The archaeological samples for the geochemical analysis. -- The Blind Test Evaluation -- Blind test evaluation of consistency in macroscopic lithic raw material sorting -- The rationale behind the blind test -- The blind test -- materials and methods -- The participants -- The tutorial process -- The test -- Data analysis -- Figure 3.1: Number of matches between LW and the rest of the participants on a groups of flint-type level. -- Blind test results -- Results by flint types -- Results by groups of flint types -- Table 3.1: Number of matches by participant, individual types, and group of flint types. -- Table 3.2: Blind test results by groups of participants. -- Figure 3.2: Number of matches between LW and the rest of the participants on a group-of-flint-types level. -- Table 3.3: Blind test results by group of flint types, and percentage of success in identification for each group of participants. -- Selected case studies -- Type AF -- Figure 3.3: Type AF: (a) test piece 37 -- (b) test piece 43 -- (c) test piece 48 -- (d) type specimen of AF, taken from the collection of flint types of Qesem Cave -- Type AQ: (e) test piece number 15 |
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(F) test piece number 23 -- (g) test piece number 41 -- (h) test -- Figure 3.4: (a) Test piece number 17 -- (b) type specimen of N, taken from the collection of flint types of Qesem Cave -- (c) jupecimen of AK, taken from the collection of flint types of Qesem Cave -- (d) test piece number 3 -- (e) type specimen of J, taken from -- Type AQ -- Test piece 17 -- Test piece 3 -- Groups with a low median number of matches -- The significance of the blind test -- Conclusions and implication of the blind test -- Data Analysis -- Results -- The potential flint sources -- Figure 4.1: Geologic map of the area, presenting all of the 42 identified flint sources. -- Table 4.1: The identified potential sources. -- Figure 4.2: Examples of flint samples from primary Turonian sources: A-B, KQE -- C-D, KQS. -- Figure 4.3: Examples of flint samples from secondary Turonian sources: A, S of QC -- B, E of QC -- C-E, UF -- F, FR. -- Figure 4.4: Examples of flint samples from Campanian sources: A, BSW -- B, MP -- C, BSC -- D-F, ZM. -- Figure 4.5: Examples of flint samples from Upper Cenomanian -- Turonian sources: A-C, EFIS -- D-F, EFSC. -- Figure 4.6: Examples of flint samples from Upper Cenomanian -- Turonian sources: A-B, SF -- C, SF2 -- D, SF3 -- E, ZNIS -- F, ZNSC. -- Figure 4.7: Examples of flint samples from Eocene sources: A-B, Lod -- C, TG1 -- D, TGN -- E-F, TGE. -- The QC flint types and groups of flint types -- Figure 4.8: A general view of the area of Qesem Cave and the potential flint bearing areas, based on geologic age and distance. Note Wadi Qana (marked by a blue line) which passes 3 km north of QC, as well as the potential flint sources east of QC, which -- Figure 4.9: A, Flint types by degree of homogeneity -- B, QC-AW -- an example of a homogenous flint type -- C, QC-BT -- an example of a heterogenous flint type |
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Figure 4.10: A, Flint types by texture. 1: Fine-textured -- 2: Medium-textured -- 3: Coarse-textured. 1-2: Vary between fine-textured and medium-textured -- 2-3: Vary between medium-textured and coarse-textured. -- B, QC-C -- an example of a fine-textured flint ty -- The QC flint types -- Figure 4.11: A, Flint types by degree of translucency. 1: Translucent -- 2: Slightly translucent -- 3: Opaque -- 2-3: Vary between slightly translucent and opaque -- B, QC-K -- an example of a slightly translucent flint type -- C, QC-AH -- an example of a translucent -- Figure 4.12: A, QC-M -- an example of a striped flint type -- B, QC-BC -- an example of a densely spotted flint type. -- Figure 4.13: QC-BO -- a close-up view of the net-like, cross-hatched shapes. -- Figure 4.14: QC-BB -- close-up view of macroscopically visible nummulites. -- The groups of flint types -- Petrographic data -- Figure 4.15: A nummulite, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-BB. -- Figure 4.16: A miliolid foraminifer, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in a geologic sample from MT. -- A review of the major components -- The micro-fossils -- Figure 4.17: A globigerinid foraminifer, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-BB. -- Figure 4.18: A bulimina foraminifera, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in a sample from the Campanian source BS2. -- Figure 4.19: A nodosarid, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in a sample from the secondary Eocene source Lod. -- Figure 4.20: Sponge spicules, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-E. -- Figure 4.21: An ostracod, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-S. -- Figure 4.22: Two large fragments of crushed mollusks, in QC-AD, in PP (A) and in XP (B). -- Figure 4.23: A gastropod, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-AB. -- Figure 4.24: A cephalopod, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-AB. -- Figure 4.25: A radiolarian (a), in PP (A) and in XP (B), in an Eocene sample from Lod |
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Figure 4.26: A bryozoan (a), in PP (A) and in XP (B), in TG1. -- Figure 4.27: A charophyte, in PP (A) and in XP (B), found in flint type QC-AL. -- Figure 4.28: A rhomb of dolomite, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-C. -- The main minerals and textures -- Figure 4.29: A concentration of sparry calcite (a), in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-D. -- Figure 4.30: A pattern of slightly irregular but continuous stripes, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-B. -- Figure 4.31: Former pellets, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-BM. -- Figure 4.32: A brecciated texture, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-AF. -- Figure 4.33: A spherulitic texture, in PP (A) and in XP (B), in QC-AG. -- Table 4.2: Summary of the common traits of Turonian flint from primary sources. -- Petrographic analysis results -- The geologic sources -- Figure 4.34: WQ3 -- cross-section of a partially-preserved nodosarid foraminifer (a), a bulimina foraminifer (b), and a possible spore or pollen grain (c), in PP (A) and in XP (B). -- Table 4.3: Traits appearing at least twice in the thin sections from the sources Horashim Forest, Wadi Qana and Jaljulia Wadi. -- Figure 4.35: The brecciated textures in the Campanian and Turonian thin sections: (A) BS1 -- (B) BS2 -- (C) ZM -- (D) E of QC 2 -- (E) HF2 -- (F) WQ1 -- (G) JW1 -- (H) JW2 -- (I) JW3. -- Figure 4.36: Sponge spicules in thin sections from Sapir Forest. (A) SF (88), in XP -- (B) SF2 (89), in PP -- (C) SF2-1 (91), in PP. -- Table 4.4: Traits which appear at least twice in primary Cenomanian / Turonian thin sections. -- Figure 4.37: A bulimina foraminifera (a), in BS2 -- in PP (A) and in XP (B). -- Table 4.5: Traits which appear at least twice in secondary Cenomanian / Turonian thin sections. -- Table 4.6: The brecciated textures observed in Campanian and Turonian samples |
| Summary |
This volume examines patterns of flint procurement and exploitation at the Acheulo-Yabrudian site Qesem Cave, Israel. The results show how flint had a major impact on early human decision-making and social and cultural lifeways during the Late Lower Paleolithic of the Levant |
| Subject |
Flint mines and mining, Prehistoric -- Israel
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Stone implements -- Israel -- History -- To 1500
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Antiquities
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Flint mines and mining, Prehistoric
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Stone implements
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| SUBJECT |
Qesem Cave (Israel) -- Antiquities
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| Subject |
Israel
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| Genre/Form |
History
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| Form |
Electronic book
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| ISBN |
9781789699357 |
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1789699355 |
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